Dynamic phrase expansion of language input

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure generally relates to dynamic phrase expansion for language input. In one example process, a user input comprising text of a first symbolic system is received. The process determines, based on the text, a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of a second symbolic system. The process determines, based on at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, a plurality of expanded candidate phrases. Each expanded candidate phrase comprises at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and one or more predicted words based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words. One or more expanded candidate phrases of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are displayed for user selection.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Ser. No. 62/348,664, filed on Jun. 10, 2016, entitled DYNAMIC PHRASE EXPANSION OF LANGUAGE INPUT, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to language input, and more specifically to techniques for dynamic phrase expansion of language input.

BACKGROUND

For many languages, such as Chinese and Japanese, text can be phonetically entered with one symbolic system and converted for display in a second symbolic system. For example, Pinyin is a phonetic system for transcribing Mandarin Chinese using the Roman alphabet. In a Pinyin transliteration, the phonetic pronunciations of Chinese characters can be mapped to syllables composed of Roman letters. Pinyin is commonly used to input Chinese text into a computer via a conversion engine. For a given Pinyin input, the conversion engine outputs one or more likely candidate Chinese words or phrases corresponding to the Pinyin input. However, entering Chinese text using Pinyin can be slow and inefficient. In particular, the user needs to input the corresponding Pinyin text for each desired word and then select the desired corresponding candidate Chinese words or phrases presented by the conversion engine. Frequently, the desired candidate Chinese word or phrase is not the first candidate presented by the conversion engine and thus the user needs to provide additional input and expend additional time to obtain the desired candidate Chinese word(s). This can cause frustration and negatively impact user experience.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Systems and processes for dynamic phrase expansion of language input are provided. In one example process, a user input comprising text of a first symbolic system is received. The text represents a phonetic pronunciation of at least part of a word of a language. The process determines, based on the text, a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of a second symbolic system of the language. Each candidate word in each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words corresponds to at least a portion of the text. The process determines, based on at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, a plurality of expanded candidate phrases. Each expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and one or more predicted words based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words. The plurality of expanded candidate phrases are ranked based on a plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of expanded candidate phrases. Based on the ranking, one or more expanded candidate phrases of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are displayed for user selection.

Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors. Executable instructions for performing these functions are, optionally, included in a transitory computer-readable storage medium or other computer program product configured for execution by one or more processors.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

For a better understanding of the various described embodiments, reference should be made to the Description of Embodiments below, in conjunction with the following drawings in which like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts throughout the figures.

FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a portable multifunction device with a touch-sensitive display in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device having a touch screen in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on a portable multifunction device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface for a multifunction device with a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5A illustrates a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 5B is a block diagram illustrating a personal electronic device in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary block diagram of a language input module in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 7A-C illustrate a flow diagram of an exemplary process for dynamic phrase expansion of language input in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 8 illustrates multiple sets of one or more candidate Chinese words converted from a Chinese Pinyin text input in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 9A-C illustrate expanded Chinese phrases generated by performing dynamic phrase expansion in accordance with some embodiments.

FIGS. 10A-B illustrate an electronic device implementing aspects of dynamic phrase expansion of language input in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates a functional block diagram of an exemplary electronic device, in accordance with some embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

The following description sets forth exemplary methods, parameters, and the like. It should be recognized, however, that such description is not intended as a limitation on the scope of the present disclosure but is instead provided as a description of exemplary embodiments.

The present disclosure relates to systems and processes for dynamic phrase expansion of language input. As described herein, phrase expansion can be implemented to improve the accuracy and efficiency of converting from one symbolic system to another symbolic system of a language. In an exemplary process, a user input comprising text of a first symbolic system is received. The text represents a phonetic pronunciation of at least part of a word of a language. The process determines, based on the text, a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of a second symbolic system of the language. Each candidate word in each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words corresponds to at least a portion of the text. The process determines, based on at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, a plurality of expanded candidate phrases. Each expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and one or more predicted words based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words. The plurality of expanded candidate phrases are ranked based on a plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of expanded candidate phrases. Based on the ranking, one or more expanded candidate phrases of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are displayed for user selection. Determining the expanded candidate phrases can improve the accuracy of converting from the first symbolic system to the second symbolic system. Additionally, the expanded candidate phrases enable predicted words that are not reflected in the user input to be provided. This can enable text input of a language requiring conversion from one symbolic system to another symbolic system (e.g., Chinese, Japanese, etc.) to be performed more accurately and efficiently.

Although the following description uses terms “first,” “second,” etc. to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by the terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first input could be termed a second input, and, similarly, a second input could be termed a first input, without departing from the scope of the various described embodiments. The first input and the second input are both inputs, but they may not be the same input.

The terminology used in the description of the various described embodiments herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the description of the various described embodiments and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “includes,” “including,” “comprises,” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.

The term “if” is, optionally, construed to mean “when” or “upon” or “in response to determining” or “in response to detecting,” depending on the context. Similarly, the phrase “if it is determined” or “if [a stated condition or event] is detected” is, optionally, construed to mean “upon determining” or “in response to determining” or “upon detecting [the stated condition or event]” or “in response to detecting [the stated condition or event],” depending on the context.

Embodiments of electronic devices, user interfaces for such devices, and associated processes for using such devices are described. In some embodiments, the device is a portable communications device, such as a mobile telephone, that also contains other functions, such as PDA and/or music player functions. Exemplary embodiments of portable multifunction devices include, without limitation, the iPhone®, iPod Touch®, and iPad® devices from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif. Other portable electronic devices, such as laptops or tablet computers with touch-sensitive surfaces (e.g., touch screen displays and/or touchpads), are, optionally, used. It should also be understood that, in some embodiments, the device is not a portable communications device, but is a desktop computer with a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch screen display and/or a touchpad).

In the discussion that follows, an electronic device that includes a display and a touch-sensitive surface is described. It should be understood, however, that the electronic device optionally includes one or more other physical user-interface devices, such as a physical keyboard, a mouse, and/or a joystick.

The device typically supports a variety of applications, such as one or more of the following: a drawing application, a presentation application, a word processing application, a website creation application, a disk authoring application, a spreadsheet application, a gaming application, a telephone application, a video conferencing application, an e-mail application, an instant messaging application, a workout support application, a photo management application, a digital camera application, a digital video camera application, a web browsing application, a digital music player application, and/or a digital video player application.

The various applications that are executed on the device optionally use at least one common physical user-interface device, such as the touch-sensitive surface. One or more functions of the touch-sensitive surface as well as corresponding information displayed on the device are, optionally, adjusted and/or varied from one application to the next and/or within a respective application. In this way, a common physical architecture (such as the touch-sensitive surface) of the device optionally supports the variety of applications with user interfaces that are intuitive and transparent to the user.

Attention is now directed toward embodiments of portable devices with touch-sensitive displays. FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating portable multifunction device 100 with touch-sensitive display system 112 in accordance with some embodiments. Touch-sensitive display 112 is sometimes called a “touch screen” for convenience and is sometimes known as or called a “touch-sensitive display system.” Device 100 includes memory 102 (which optionally includes one or more computer-readable storage mediums), memory controller 122, one or more processing units (CPUs) 120, peripherals interface 118, RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, input/output (I/O) subsystem 106, other input control devices 116, and external port 124. Device 100 optionally includes one or more optical sensors 164. Device 100 optionally includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts on device 100 (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100). Device 100 optionally includes one or more tactile output generators 167 for generating tactile outputs on device 100 (e.g., generating tactile outputs on a touch-sensitive surface such as touch-sensitive display system 112 of device 100 or touchpad 355 of device 300). These components optionally communicate over one or more communication buses or signal lines 103.

As used in the specification and claims, the term “intensity” of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface refers to the force or pressure (force per unit area) of a contact (e.g., a finger contact) on the touch-sensitive surface, or to a substitute (proxy) for the force or pressure of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface. The intensity of a contact has a range of values that includes at least four distinct values and more typically includes hundreds of distinct values (e.g., at least 256). Intensity of a contact is, optionally, determined (or measured) using various approaches and various sensors or combinations of sensors. For example, one or more force sensors underneath or adjacent to the touch-sensitive surface are, optionally, used to measure force at various points on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, force measurements from multiple force sensors are combined (e.g., a weighted average) to determine an estimated force of a contact. Similarly, a pressure-sensitive tip of a stylus is, optionally, used to determine a pressure of the stylus on the touch-sensitive surface. Alternatively, the size of the contact area detected on the touch-sensitive surface and/or changes thereto, the capacitance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto, and/or the resistance of the touch-sensitive surface proximate to the contact and/or changes thereto are, optionally, used as a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface. In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are used directly to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is described in units corresponding to the substitute measurements). In some implementations, the substitute measurements for contact force or pressure are converted to an estimated force or pressure, and the estimated force or pressure is used to determine whether an intensity threshold has been exceeded (e.g., the intensity threshold is a pressure threshold measured in units of pressure). Using the intensity of a contact as an attribute of a user input allows for user access to additional device functionality that may otherwise not be accessible by the user on a reduced-size device with limited real estate for displaying affordances (e.g., on a touch-sensitive display) and/or receiving user input (e.g., via a touch-sensitive display, a touch-sensitive surface, or a physical/mechanical control such as a knob or a button).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “tactile output” refers to physical displacement of a device relative to a previous position of the device, physical displacement of a component (e.g., a touch-sensitive surface) of a device relative to another component (e.g., housing) of the device, or displacement of the component relative to a center of mass of the device that will be detected by a user with the user's sense of touch. For example, in situations where the device or the component of the device is in contact with a surface of a user that is sensitive to touch (e.g., a finger, palm, or other part of a user's hand), the tactile output generated by the physical displacement will be interpreted by the user as a tactile sensation corresponding to a perceived change in physical characteristics of the device or the component of the device. For example, movement of a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touch-sensitive display or trackpad) is, optionally, interpreted by the user as a “down click” or “up click” of a physical actuator button. In some cases, a user will feel a tactile sensation such as an “down click” or “up click” even when there is no movement of a physical actuator button associated with the touch-sensitive surface that is physically pressed (e.g., displaced) by the user's movements. As another example, movement of the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, interpreted or sensed by the user as “roughness” of the touch-sensitive surface, even when there is no change in smoothness of the touch-sensitive surface. While such interpretations of touch by a user will be subject to the individualized sensory perceptions of the user, there are many sensory perceptions of touch that are common to a large majority of users. Thus, when a tactile output is described as corresponding to a particular sensory perception of a user (e.g., an “up click,” a “down click,” “roughness”), unless otherwise stated, the generated tactile output corresponds to physical displacement of the device or a component thereof that will generate the described sensory perception for a typical (or average) user.

It should be appreciated that device 100 is only one example of a portable multifunction device, and that device 100 optionally has more or fewer components than shown, optionally combines two or more components, or optionally has a different configuration or arrangement of the components. The various components shown in FIG. 1A are implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, including one or more signal processing and/or application-specific integrated circuits.

Memory 102 optionally includes high-speed random access memory and optionally also includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid-state memory devices. Memory controller 122 optionally controls access to memory 102 by other components of device 100.

Peripherals interface 118 can be used to couple input and output peripherals of the device to CPU 120 and memory 102. The one or more processors 120 run or execute various software programs and/or sets of instructions stored in memory 102 to perform various functions for device 100 and to process data. In some embodiments, peripherals interface 118, CPU 120, and memory controller 122 are, optionally, implemented on a single chip, such as chip 104. In some other embodiments, they are, optionally, implemented on separate chips.

RF (radio frequency) circuitry 108 receives and sends RF signals, also called electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 converts electrical signals to/from electromagnetic signals and communicates with communications networks and other communications devices via the electromagnetic signals. RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-known circuitry for performing these functions, including but not limited to an antenna system, an RF transceiver, one or more amplifiers, a tuner, one or more oscillators, a digital signal processor, a CODEC chipset, a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory, and so forth. RF circuitry 108 optionally communicates with networks, such as the Internet, also referred to as the World Wide Web (WWW), an intranet and/or a wireless network, such as a cellular telephone network, a wireless local area network (LAN) and/or a metropolitan area network (MAN), and other devices by wireless communication. The RF circuitry 108 optionally includes well-known circuitry for detecting near field communication (NFC) fields, such as by a short-range communication radio. The wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies, including but not limited to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), Evolution, Data-Only (EV-DO), HSPA, HSPA+, Dual-Cell HSPA (DC-HSPDA), long term evolution (LTE), near field communication (NFC), wideband code division multiple access (W-CDMA), code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy (BTLE), Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) (e.g., IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n, and/or IEEE 802.11ac), voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Wi-MAX, a protocol for e-mail (e.g., Internet message access protocol (IMAP) and/or post office protocol (POP)), instant messaging (e.g., extensible messaging and presence protocol (XMPP), Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE), Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS)), and/or Short Message Service (SMS), or any other suitable communication protocol, including communication protocols not yet developed as of the filing date of this document.

Audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, and microphone 113 provide an audio interface between a user and device 100. Audio circuitry 110 receives audio data from peripherals interface 118, converts the audio data to an electrical signal, and transmits the electrical signal to speaker 111. Speaker 111 converts the electrical signal to human-audible sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 also receives electrical signals converted by microphone 113 from sound waves. Audio circuitry 110 converts the electrical signal to audio data and transmits the audio data to peripherals interface 118 for processing. Audio data is, optionally, retrieved from and/or transmitted to memory 102 and/or RF circuitry 108 by peripherals interface 118. In some embodiments, audio circuitry 110 also includes a headset jack (e.g., 212, FIG. 2). The headset jack provides an interface between audio circuitry 110 and removable audio input/output peripherals, such as output-only headphones or a headset with both output (e.g., a headphone for one or both ears) and input (e.g., a microphone).

I/O subsystem 106 couples input/output peripherals on device 100, such as touch screen 112 and other input control devices 116, to peripherals interface 118. I/O subsystem 106 optionally includes display controller 156, optical sensor controller 158, intensity sensor controller 159, haptic feedback controller 161, and one or more input controllers 160 for other input or control devices. The one or more input controllers 160 receive/send electrical signals from/to other input control devices 116. The other input control devices 116 optionally include physical buttons (e.g., push buttons, rocker buttons, etc.), dials, slider switches, joysticks, click wheels, and so forth. In some alternate embodiments, input controller(s) 160 are, optionally, coupled to any (or none) of the following: a keyboard, an infrared port, a USB port, and a pointer device such as a mouse. The one or more buttons (e.g., 208, FIG. 2) optionally include an up/down button for volume control of speaker 111 and/or microphone 113. The one or more buttons optionally include a push button (e.g., 206, FIG. 2).

A quick press of the push button optionally disengages a lock of touch screen 112 or optionally begins a process that uses gestures on the touch screen to unlock the device, as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/322,549, “Unlocking a Device by Performing Gestures on an Unlock Image,” filed Dec. 23, 2005, U.S. Pat. No. 7,657,849, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. A longer press of the push button (e.g., 206) optionally turns power to device 100 on or off. The functionality of one or more of the buttons are, optionally, user-customizable. Touch screen 112 is used to implement virtual or soft buttons and one or more soft keyboards.

Touch-sensitive display 112 provides an input interface and an output interface between the device and a user. Display controller 156 receives and/or sends electrical signals from/to touch screen 112. Touch screen 112 displays visual output to the user. The visual output optionally includes graphics, text, icons, video, and any combination thereof (collectively termed “graphics”). In some embodiments, some or all of the visual output optionally corresponds to user-interface objects.

Touch screen 112 has a touch-sensitive surface, sensor, or set of sensors that accepts input from the user based on haptic and/or tactile contact. Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 (along with any associated modules and/or sets of instructions in memory 102) detect contact (and any movement or breaking of the contact) on touch screen 112 and convert the detected contact into interaction with user-interface objects (e.g., one or more soft keys, icons, web pages, or images) that are displayed on touch screen 112. In an exemplary embodiment, a point of contact between touch screen 112 and the user corresponds to a finger of the user.

Touch screen 112 optionally uses LCD (liquid crystal display) technology, LPD (light emitting polymer display) technology, or LED (light emitting diode) technology, although other display technologies are used in other embodiments. Touch screen 112 and display controller 156 optionally detect contact and any movement or breaking thereof using any of a plurality of touch sensing technologies now known or later developed, including but not limited to capacitive, resistive, infrared, and surface acoustic wave technologies, as well as other proximity sensor arrays or other elements for determining one or more points of contact with touch screen 112. In an exemplary embodiment, projected mutual capacitance sensing technology is used, such as that found in the iPhone® and iPod Touch® from Apple Inc. of Cupertino, Calif.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 112 is, optionally, analogous to the multi-touch sensitive touchpads described in the following U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,846 (Westerman et al.), U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,557 (Westerman et al.), and/or U.S. Pat. No. 6,677,932 (Westerman), and/or U.S. Patent Publication 2002/0015024A1, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. However, touch screen 112 displays visual output from device 100, whereas touch-sensitive touchpads do not provide visual output.

A touch-sensitive display in some embodiments of touch screen 112 is described in the following applications: (1) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/381,313, “Multipoint Touch Surface Controller,” filed May 2, 2006; (2) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/840,862, “Multipoint Touchscreen,” filed May 6, 2004; (3) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/903,964, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jul. 30, 2004; (4) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/048,264, “Gestures For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 31, 2005; (5) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/038,590, “Mode-Based Graphical User Interfaces For Touch Sensitive Input Devices,” filed Jan. 18, 2005; (6) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,758, “Virtual Input Device Placement On A Touch Screen User Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (7) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,700, “Operation Of A Computer With A Touch Screen Interface,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; (8) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/228,737, “Activating Virtual Keys Of A Touch-Screen Virtual Keyboard,” filed Sep. 16, 2005; and (9) U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/367,749, “Multi-Functional Hand-Held Device,” filed Mar. 3, 2006. All of these applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Touch screen 112 optionally has a video resolution in excess of 100 dpi. In some embodiments, the touch screen has a video resolution of approximately 160 dpi. The user optionally makes contact with touch screen 112 using any suitable object or appendage, such as a stylus, a finger, and so forth. In some embodiments, the user interface is designed to work primarily with finger-based contacts and gestures, which can be less precise than stylus-based input due to the larger area of contact of a finger on the touch screen. In some embodiments, the device translates the rough finger-based input into a precise pointer/cursor position or command for performing the actions desired by the user.

In some embodiments, in addition to the touch screen, device 100 optionally includes a touchpad (not shown) for activating or deactivating particular functions. In some embodiments, the touchpad is a touch-sensitive area of the device that, unlike the touch screen, does not display visual output. The touchpad is, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from touch screen 112 or an extension of the touch-sensitive surface formed by the touch screen.

Device 100 also includes power system 162 for powering the various components. Power system 162 optionally includes a power management system, one or more power sources (e.g., battery, alternating current (AC)), a recharging system, a power failure detection circuit, a power converter or inverter, a power status indicator (e.g., a light-emitting diode (LED)) and any other components associated with the generation, management and distribution of power in portable devices.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more optical sensors 164. FIG. 1A shows an optical sensor coupled to optical sensor controller 158 in I/O subsystem 106. Optical sensor 164 optionally includes charge-coupled device (CCD) or complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) phototransistors. Optical sensor 164 receives light from the environment, projected through one or more lenses, and converts the light to data representing an image. In conjunction with imaging module 143 (also called a camera module), optical sensor 164 optionally captures still images or video. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112 on the front of the device so that the touch screen display is enabled for use as a viewfinder for still and/or video image acquisition. In some embodiments, an optical sensor is located on the front of the device so that the user's image is, optionally, obtained for video conferencing while the user views the other video conference participants on the touch screen display. In some embodiments, the position of optical sensor 164 can be changed by the user (e.g., by rotating the lens and the sensor in the device housing) so that a single optical sensor 164 is used along with the touch screen display for both video conferencing and still and/or video image acquisition.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165. FIG. 1A shows a contact intensity sensor coupled to intensity sensor controller 159 in I/O subsystem 106. Contact intensity sensor 165 optionally includes one or more piezoresistive strain gauges, capacitive force sensors, electric force sensors, piezoelectric force sensors, optical force sensors, capacitive touch-sensitive surfaces, or other intensity sensors (e.g., sensors used to measure the force (or pressure) of a contact on a touch-sensitive surface). Contact intensity sensor 165 receives contact intensity information (e.g., pressure information or a proxy for pressure information) from the environment. In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112). In some embodiments, at least one contact intensity sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112, which is located on the front of device 100.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more proximity sensors 166. FIG. 1A shows proximity sensor 166 coupled to peripherals interface 118. Alternately, proximity sensor 166 is, optionally, coupled to input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106. Proximity sensor 166 optionally performs as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/241,839, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/240,788, “Proximity Detector In Handheld Device”; Ser. No. 11/620,702, “Using Ambient Light Sensor To Augment Proximity Sensor Output”; Ser. No. 11/586,862, “Automated Response To And Sensing Of User Activity In Portable Devices”; and Ser. No. 11/638,251, “Methods And Systems For Automatic Configuration Of Peripherals,” which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. In some embodiments, the proximity sensor turns off and disables touch screen 112 when the multifunction device is placed near the user's ear (e.g., when the user is making a phone call).

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more tactile output generators 167. FIG. 1A shows a tactile output generator coupled to haptic feedback controller 161 in I/O subsystem 106. Tactile output generator 167 optionally includes one or more electroacoustic devices such as speakers or other audio components and/or electromechanical devices that convert energy into linear motion such as a motor, solenoid, electroactive polymer, piezoelectric actuator, electrostatic actuator, or other tactile output generating component (e.g., a component that converts electrical signals into tactile outputs on the device). Contact intensity sensor 165 receives tactile feedback generation instructions from haptic feedback module 133 and generates tactile outputs on device 100 that are capable of being sensed by a user of device 100. In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator is collocated with, or proximate to, a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112) and, optionally, generates a tactile output by moving the touch-sensitive surface vertically (e.g., in/out of a surface of device 100) or laterally (e.g., back and forth in the same plane as a surface of device 100). In some embodiments, at least one tactile output generator sensor is located on the back of device 100, opposite touch screen display 112, which is located on the front of device 100.

Device 100 optionally also includes one or more accelerometers 168. FIG. 1A shows accelerometer 168 coupled to peripherals interface 118. Alternately, accelerometer 168 is, optionally, coupled to an input controller 160 in I/O subsystem 106. Accelerometer 168 optionally performs as described in U.S. Patent Publication No. 20050190059, “Acceleration-based Theft Detection System for Portable Electronic Devices,” and U.S. Patent Publication No. 20060017692, “Methods And Apparatuses For Operating A Portable Device Based On An Accelerometer,” both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. In some embodiments, information is displayed on the touch screen display in a portrait view or a landscape view based on an analysis of data received from the one or more accelerometers. Device 100 optionally includes, in addition to accelerometer(s) 168, a magnetometer (not shown) and a GPS (or GLONASS or other global navigation system) receiver (not shown) for obtaining information concerning the location and orientation (e.g., portrait or landscape) of device 100.

In some embodiments, the software components stored in memory 102 include operating system 126, communication module (or set of instructions) 128, contact/motion module (or set of instructions) 130, graphics module (or set of instructions) 132, text input module (or set of instructions) 134, Global Positioning System (GPS) module (or set of instructions) 135, and applications (or sets of instructions) 136. Furthermore, in some embodiments, memory 102 (FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3) stores device/global internal state 157, as shown in FIGS. 1A and 3. Device/global internal state 157 includes one or more of: active application state, indicating which applications, if any, are currently active; display state, indicating what applications, views or other information occupy various regions of touch screen display 112; sensor state, including information obtained from the device's various sensors and input control devices 116; and location information concerning the device's location and/or attitude.

Operating system 126 (e.g., Darwin, RTXC, LINUX, UNIX, OS X, iOS, WINDOWS, or an embedded operating system such as VxWorks) includes various software components and/or drivers for controlling and managing general system tasks (e.g., memory management, storage device control, power management, etc.) and facilitates communication between various hardware and software components.

Communication module 128 facilitates communication with other devices over one or more external ports 124 and also includes various software components for handling data received by RF circuitry 108 and/or external port 124. External port 124 (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB), FIREWIRE, etc.) is adapted for coupling directly to other devices or indirectly over a network (e.g., the Internet, wireless LAN, etc.). In some embodiments, the external port is a multi-pin (e.g., 30-pin) connector that is the same as, or similar to and/or compatible with, the 30-pin connector used on iPod® (trademark of Apple Inc.) devices.

Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects contact with touch screen 112 (in conjunction with display controller 156) and other touch-sensitive devices (e.g., a touchpad or physical click wheel). Contact/motion module 130 includes various software components for performing various operations related to detection of contact, such as determining if contact has occurred (e.g., detecting a finger-down event), determining an intensity of the contact (e.g., the force or pressure of the contact or a substitute for the force or pressure of the contact), determining if there is movement of the contact and tracking the movement across the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., detecting one or more finger-dragging events), and determining if the contact has ceased (e.g., detecting a finger-up event or a break in contact). Contact/motion module 130 receives contact data from the touch-sensitive surface. Determining movement of the point of contact, which is represented by a series of contact data, optionally includes determining speed (magnitude), velocity (magnitude and direction), and/or an acceleration (a change in magnitude and/or direction) of the point of contact. These operations are, optionally, applied to single contacts (e.g., one finger contacts) or to multiple simultaneous contacts (e.g., “multitouch”/multiple finger contacts). In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 and display controller 156 detect contact on a touchpad.

In some embodiments, contact/motion module 130 uses a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user (e.g., to determine whether a user has “clicked” on an icon). In some embodiments, at least a subset of the intensity thresholds are determined in accordance with software parameters (e.g., the intensity thresholds are not determined by the activation thresholds of particular physical actuators and can be adjusted without changing the physical hardware of device 100). For example, a mouse “click” threshold of a trackpad or touch screen display can be set to any of a large range of predefined threshold values without changing the trackpad or touch screen display hardware. Additionally, in some implementations, a user of the device is provided with software settings for adjusting one or more of the set of intensity thresholds (e.g., by adjusting individual intensity thresholds and/or by adjusting a plurality of intensity thresholds at once with a system-level click “intensity” parameter).

Contact/motion module 130 optionally detects a gesture input by a user. Different gestures on the touch-sensitive surface have different contact patterns (e.g., different motions, timings, and/or intensities of detected contacts). Thus, a gesture is, optionally, detected by detecting a particular contact pattern. For example, detecting a finger tap gesture includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event at the same position (or substantially the same position) as the finger-down event (e.g., at the position of an icon). As another example, detecting a finger swipe gesture on the touch-sensitive surface includes detecting a finger-down event followed by detecting one or more finger-dragging events, and subsequently followed by detecting a finger-up (liftoff) event.

Graphics module 132 includes various known software components for rendering and displaying graphics on touch screen 112 or other display, including components for changing the visual impact (e.g., brightness, transparency, saturation, contrast, or other visual property) of graphics that are displayed. As used herein, the term “graphics” includes any object that can be displayed to a user, including, without limitation, text, web pages, icons (such as user-interface objects including soft keys), digital images, videos, animations, and the like.

In some embodiments, graphics module 132 stores data representing graphics to be used. Each graphic is, optionally, assigned a corresponding code. Graphics module 132 receives, from applications etc., one or more codes specifying graphics to be displayed along with, if necessary, coordinate data and other graphic property data, and then generates screen image data to output to display controller 156.

Haptic feedback module 133 includes various software components for generating instructions used by tactile output generator(s) 167 to produce tactile outputs at one or more locations on device 100 in response to user interactions with device 100.

Text input module 134, which is, optionally, a component of graphics module 132, provides soft keyboards for entering text in various applications (e.g., contacts 137, e-mail 140, IM 141, browser 147, and any other application that needs text input).

GPS module 135 determines the location of the device and provides this information for use in various applications (e.g., to telephone 138 for use in location-based dialing; to camera 143 as picture/video metadata; and to applications that provide location-based services such as weather widgets, local yellow page widgets, and map/navigation widgets).

Applications 136 optionally include the following modules (or sets of instructions), or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Contacts module 137 (sometimes called an address book or contact         list);     -   Telephone module 138;     -   Video conference module 139;     -   E-mail client module 140;     -   Instant messaging (IM) module 141;     -   Workout support module 142;     -   Camera module 143 for still and/or video images;     -   Image management module 144;     -   Video player module;     -   Music player module;     -   Browser module 147;     -   Calendar module 148;     -   Widget modules 149, which optionally include one or more of:         weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget         149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, dictionary widget 149-5, and         other widgets obtained by the user, as well as user-created         widgets 149-6;     -   Widget creator module 150 for making user-created widgets 149-6;     -   Search module 151;     -   Video and music player module 152, which merges video player         module and music player module;     -   Notes module 153;     -   Map module 154; and/or     -   Online video module 155.

Examples of other applications 136 that are, optionally, stored in memory 102 include other word processing applications, other image editing applications, drawing applications, presentation applications, JAVA-enabled applications, encryption, digital rights management, voice recognition, and voice replication.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, contacts module 137 are, optionally, used to manage an address book or contact list (e.g., stored in application internal state 192 of contacts module 137 in memory 102 or memory 370), including: adding name(s) to the address book; deleting name(s) from the address book; associating telephone number(s), e-mail address(es), physical address(es) or other information with a name; associating an image with a name; categorizing and sorting names; providing telephone numbers or e-mail addresses to initiate and/or facilitate communications by telephone 138, video conference module 139, e-mail 140, or IM 141; and so forth.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, telephone module 138 are optionally, used to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to a telephone number, access one or more telephone numbers in contacts module 137, modify a telephone number that has been entered, dial a respective telephone number, conduct a conversation, and disconnect or hang up when the conversation is completed. As noted above, the wireless communication optionally uses any of a plurality of communications standards, protocols, and technologies.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, microphone 113, touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, contacts module 137, and telephone module 138, video conference module 139 includes executable instructions to initiate, conduct, and terminate a video conference between a user and one or more other participants in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, e-mail client module 140 includes executable instructions to create, send, receive, and manage e-mail in response to user instructions. In conjunction with image management module 144, e-mail client module 140 makes it very easy to create and send e-mails with still or video images taken with camera module 143.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, the instant messaging module 141 includes executable instructions to enter a sequence of characters corresponding to an instant message, to modify previously entered characters, to transmit a respective instant message (for example, using a Short Message Service (SMS) or Multimedia Message Service (MMS) protocol for telephony-based instant messages or using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS for Internet-based instant messages), to receive instant messages, and to view received instant messages. In some embodiments, transmitted and/or received instant messages optionally include graphics, photos, audio files, video files and/or other attachments as are supported in an MMS and/or an Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS). As used herein, “instant messaging” refers to both telephony-based messages (e.g., messages sent using SMS or MMS) and Internet-based messages (e.g., messages sent using XMPP, SIMPLE, or IMPS).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, map module 154, and music player module, workout support module 142 includes executable instructions to create workouts (e.g., with time, distance, and/or calorie burning goals); communicate with workout sensors (sports devices); receive workout sensor data; calibrate sensors used to monitor a workout; select and play music for a workout; and display, store, and transmit workout data.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, optical sensor(s) 164, optical sensor controller 158, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and image management module 144, camera module 143 includes executable instructions to capture still images or video (including a video stream) and store them into memory 102, modify characteristics of a still image or video, or delete a still image or video from memory 102.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and camera module 143, image management module 144 includes executable instructions to arrange, modify (e.g., edit), or otherwise manipulate, label, delete, present (e.g., in a digital slide show or album), and store still and/or video images.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, browser module 147 includes executable instructions to browse the Internet in accordance with user instructions, including searching, linking to, receiving, and displaying web pages or portions thereof, as well as attachments and other files linked to web pages.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, calendar module 148 includes executable instructions to create, display, modify, and store calendars and data associated with calendars (e.g., calendar entries, to-do lists, etc.) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, widget modules 149 are mini-applications that are, optionally, downloaded and used by a user (e.g., weather widget 149-1, stocks widget 149-2, calculator widget 149-3, alarm clock widget 149-4, and dictionary widget 149-5) or created by the user (e.g., user-created widget 149-6). In some embodiments, a widget includes an HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) file, a CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) file, and a JavaScript file. In some embodiments, a widget includes an XML (Extensible Markup Language) file and a JavaScript file (e.g., Yahoo! Widgets).

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, and browser module 147, the widget creator module 150 are, optionally, used by a user to create widgets (e.g., turning a user-specified portion of a web page into a widget).

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, search module 151 includes executable instructions to search for text, music, sound, image, video, and/or other files in memory 102 that match one or more search criteria (e.g., one or more user-specified search terms) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, and browser module 147, video and music player module 152 includes executable instructions that allow the user to download and play back recorded music and other sound files stored in one or more file formats, such as MP3 or AAC files, and executable instructions to display, present, or otherwise play back videos (e.g., on touch screen 112 or on an external, connected display via external port 124). In some embodiments, device 100 optionally includes the functionality of an MP3 player, such as an iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.).

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, and text input module 134, notes module 153 includes executable instructions to create and manage notes, to-do lists, and the like in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with RF circuitry 108, touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, text input module 134, GPS module 135, and browser module 147, map module 154 are, optionally, used to receive, display, modify, and store maps and data associated with maps (e.g., driving directions, data on stores and other points of interest at or near a particular location, and other location-based data) in accordance with user instructions.

In conjunction with touch screen 112, display controller 156, contact/motion module 130, graphics module 132, audio circuitry 110, speaker 111, RF circuitry 108, text input module 134, e-mail client module 140, and browser module 147, online video module 155 includes instructions that allow the user to access, browse, receive (e.g., by streaming and/or download), play back (e.g., on the touch screen or on an external, connected display via external port 124), send an e-mail with a link to a particular online video, and otherwise manage online videos in one or more file formats, such as H.264. In some embodiments, instant messaging module 141, rather than e-mail client module 140, is used to send a link to a particular online video. Additional description of the online video application can be found in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/936,562, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Jun. 20, 2007, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/968,067, “Portable Multifunction Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Playing Online Videos,” filed Dec. 31, 2007, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

Each of the above-identified modules and applications corresponds to a set of executable instructions for performing one or more functions described above and the methods described in this application (e.g., the computer-implemented methods and other information processing methods described herein). These modules (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. For example, video player module is, optionally, combined with music player module into a single module (e.g., video and music player module 152, FIG. 1A). In some embodiments, memory 102 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 102 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

In some embodiments, device 100 is a device where operation of a predefined set of functions on the device is performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad. By using a touch screen and/or a touchpad as the primary input control device for operation of device 100, the number of physical input control devices (such as push buttons, dials, and the like) on device 100 is, optionally, reduced.

The predefined set of functions that are performed exclusively through a touch screen and/or a touchpad optionally include navigation between user interfaces. In some embodiments, the touchpad, when touched by the user, navigates device 100 to a main, home, or root menu from any user interface that is displayed on device 100. In such embodiments, a “menu button” is implemented using a touchpad. In some other embodiments, the menu button is a physical push button or other physical input control device instead of a touchpad.

FIG. 1B is a block diagram illustrating exemplary components for event handling in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 102 (FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3) includes event sorter 170 (e.g., in operating system 126) and a respective application 136-1 (e.g., any of the aforementioned applications 137-151, 155, 380-390).

Event sorter 170 receives event information and determines the application 136-1 and application view 191 of application 136-1 to which to deliver the event information. Event sorter 170 includes event monitor 171 and event dispatcher module 174. In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes application internal state 192, which indicates the current application view(s) displayed on touch-sensitive display 112 when the application is active or executing. In some embodiments, device/global internal state 157 is used by event sorter 170 to determine which application(s) is (are) currently active, and application internal state 192 is used by event sorter 170 to determine application views 191 to which to deliver event information.

In some embodiments, application internal state 192 includes additional information, such as one or more of: resume information to be used when application 136-1 resumes execution, user interface state information that indicates information being displayed or that is ready for display by application 136-1, a state queue for enabling the user to go back to a prior state or view of application 136-1, and a redo/undo queue of previous actions taken by the user.

Event monitor 171 receives event information from peripherals interface 118. Event information includes information about a sub-event (e.g., a user touch on touch-sensitive display 112, as part of a multi-touch gesture). Peripherals interface 118 transmits information it receives from I/O subsystem 106 or a sensor, such as proximity sensor 166, accelerometer(s) 168, and/or microphone 113 (through audio circuitry 110). Information that peripherals interface 118 receives from I/O subsystem 106 includes information from touch-sensitive display 112 or a touch-sensitive surface.

In some embodiments, event monitor 171 sends requests to the peripherals interface 118 at predetermined intervals. In response, peripherals interface 118 transmits event information. In other embodiments, peripherals interface 118 transmits event information only when there is a significant event (e.g., receiving an input above a predetermined noise threshold and/or for more than a predetermined duration).

In some embodiments, event sorter 170 also includes a hit view determination module 172 and/or an active event recognizer determination module 173.

Hit view determination module 172 provides software procedures for determining where a sub-event has taken place within one or more views when touch-sensitive display 112 displays more than one view. Views are made up of controls and other elements that a user can see on the display.

Another aspect of the user interface associated with an application is a set of views, sometimes herein called application views or user interface windows, in which information is displayed and touch-based gestures occur. The application views (of a respective application) in which a touch is detected optionally correspond to programmatic levels within a programmatic or view hierarchy of the application. For example, the lowest level view in which a touch is detected is, optionally, called the hit view, and the set of events that are recognized as proper inputs are, optionally, determined based, at least in part, on the hit view of the initial touch that begins a touch-based gesture.

Hit view determination module 172 receives information related to sub-events of a touch-based gesture. When an application has multiple views organized in a hierarchy, hit view determination module 172 identifies a hit view as the lowest view in the hierarchy which should handle the sub-event. In most circumstances, the hit view is the lowest level view in which an initiating sub-event occurs (e.g., the first sub-event in the sequence of sub-events that form an event or potential event). Once the hit view is identified by the hit view determination module 172, the hit view typically receives all sub-events related to the same touch or input source for which it was identified as the hit view.

Active event recognizer determination module 173 determines which view or views within a view hierarchy should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In some embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that only the hit view should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, active event recognizer determination module 173 determines that all views that include the physical location of a sub-event are actively involved views, and therefore determines that all actively involved views should receive a particular sequence of sub-events. In other embodiments, even if touch sub-events were entirely confined to the area associated with one particular view, views higher in the hierarchy would still remain as actively involved views.

Event dispatcher module 174 dispatches the event information to an event recognizer (e.g., event recognizer 180). In embodiments including active event recognizer determination module 173, event dispatcher module 174 delivers the event information to an event recognizer determined by active event recognizer determination module 173. In some embodiments, event dispatcher module 174 stores in an event queue the event information, which is retrieved by a respective event receiver 182.

In some embodiments, operating system 126 includes event sorter 170. Alternatively, application 136-1 includes event sorter 170. In yet other embodiments, event sorter 170 is a stand-alone module, or a part of another module stored in memory 102, such as contact/motion module 130.

In some embodiments, application 136-1 includes a plurality of event handlers 190 and one or more application views 191, each of which includes instructions for handling touch events that occur within a respective view of the application's user interface. Each application view 191 of the application 136-1 includes one or more event recognizers 180. Typically, a respective application view 191 includes a plurality of event recognizers 180. In other embodiments, one or more of event recognizers 180 are part of a separate module, such as a user interface kit (not shown) or a higher level object from which application 136-1 inherits methods and other properties. In some embodiments, a respective event handler 190 includes one or more of: data updater 176, object updater 177, GUI updater 178, and/or event data 179 received from event sorter 170. Event handler 190 optionally utilizes or calls data updater 176, object updater 177, or GUI updater 178 to update the application internal state 192. Alternatively, one or more of the application views 191 include one or more respective event handlers 190. Also, in some embodiments, one or more of data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a respective application view 191.

A respective event recognizer 180 receives event information (e.g., event data 179) from event sorter 170 and identifies an event from the event information. Event recognizer 180 includes event receiver 182 and event comparator 184. In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 also includes at least a subset of: metadata 183, and event delivery instructions 188 (which optionally include sub-event delivery instructions).

Event receiver 182 receives event information from event sorter 170. The event information includes information about a sub-event, for example, a touch or a touch movement. Depending on the sub-event, the event information also includes additional information, such as location of the sub-event. When the sub-event concerns motion of a touch, the event information optionally also includes speed and direction of the sub-event. In some embodiments, events include rotation of the device from one orientation to another (e.g., from a portrait orientation to a landscape orientation, or vice versa), and the event information includes corresponding information about the current orientation (also called device attitude) of the device.

Event comparator 184 compares the event information to predefined event or sub-event definitions and, based on the comparison, determines an event or sub-event, or determines or updates the state of an event or sub-event. In some embodiments, event comparator 184 includes event definitions 186. Event definitions 186 contain definitions of events (e.g., predefined sequences of sub-events), for example, event 1 (187-1), event 2 (187-2), and others. In some embodiments, sub-events in an event (187) include, for example, touch begin, touch end, touch movement, touch cancellation, and multiple touching. In one example, the definition for event 1 (187-1) is a double tap on a displayed object. The double tap, for example, comprises a first touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a first liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase, a second touch (touch begin) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, and a second liftoff (touch end) for a predetermined phase. In another example, the definition for event 2 (187-2) is a dragging on a displayed object. The dragging, for example, comprises a touch (or contact) on the displayed object for a predetermined phase, a movement of the touch across touch-sensitive display 112, and liftoff of the touch (touch end). In some embodiments, the event also includes information for one or more associated event handlers 190.

In some embodiments, event definition 187 includes a definition of an event for a respective user-interface object. In some embodiments, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which user-interface object is associated with a sub-event. For example, in an application view in which three user-interface objects are displayed on touch-sensitive display 112, when a touch is detected on touch-sensitive display 112, event comparator 184 performs a hit test to determine which of the three user-interface objects is associated with the touch (sub-event). If each displayed object is associated with a respective event handler 190, the event comparator uses the result of the hit test to determine which event handler 190 should be activated. For example, event comparator 184 selects an event handler associated with the sub-event and the object triggering the hit test.

In some embodiments, the definition for a respective event (187) also includes delayed actions that delay delivery of the event information until after it has been determined whether the sequence of sub-events does or does not correspond to the event recognizer's event type.

When a respective event recognizer 180 determines that the series of sub-events do not match any of the events in event definitions 186, the respective event recognizer 180 enters an event impossible, event failed, or event ended state, after which it disregards subsequent sub-events of the touch-based gesture. In this situation, other event recognizers, if any, that remain active for the hit view continue to track and process sub-events of an ongoing touch-based gesture.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 includes metadata 183 with configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how the event delivery system should perform sub-event delivery to actively involved event recognizers. In some embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate how event recognizers interact, or are enabled to interact, with one another. In some embodiments, metadata 183 includes configurable properties, flags, and/or lists that indicate whether sub-events are delivered to varying levels in the view or programmatic hierarchy.

In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 activates event handler 190 associated with an event when one or more particular sub-events of an event are recognized. In some embodiments, a respective event recognizer 180 delivers event information associated with the event to event handler 190. Activating an event handler 190 is distinct from sending (and deferred sending) sub-events to a respective hit view. In some embodiments, event recognizer 180 throws a flag associated with the recognized event, and event handler 190 associated with the flag catches the flag and performs a predefined process.

In some embodiments, event delivery instructions 188 include sub-event delivery instructions that deliver event information about a sub-event without activating an event handler. Instead, the sub-event delivery instructions deliver event information to event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or to actively involved views. Event handlers associated with the series of sub-events or with actively involved views receive the event information and perform a predetermined process.

In some embodiments, data updater 176 creates and updates data used in application 136-1. For example, data updater 176 updates the telephone number used in contacts module 137, or stores a video file used in video player module. In some embodiments, object updater 177 creates and updates objects used in application 136-1. For example, object updater 177 creates a new user-interface object or updates the position of a user-interface object. GUI updater 178 updates the GUI. For example, GUI updater 178 prepares display information and sends it to graphics module 132 for display on a touch-sensitive display.

In some embodiments, event handler(s) 190 includes or has access to data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178. In some embodiments, data updater 176, object updater 177, and GUI updater 178 are included in a single module of a respective application 136-1 or application view 191. In other embodiments, they are included in two or more software modules.

It shall be understood that the foregoing discussion regarding event handling of user touches on touch-sensitive displays also applies to other forms of user inputs to operate multifunction devices 100 with input devices, not all of which are initiated on touch screens. For example, mouse movement and mouse button presses, optionally coordinated with single or multiple keyboard presses or holds; contact movements such as taps, drags, scrolls, etc. on touchpads; pen stylus inputs; movement of the device; oral instructions; detected eye movements; biometric inputs; and/or any combination thereof are optionally utilized as inputs corresponding to sub-events which define an event to be recognized.

FIG. 2 illustrates a portable multifunction device 100 having a touch screen 112 in accordance with some embodiments. The touch screen optionally displays one or more graphics within user interface (UI) 200. In this embodiment, as well as others described below, a user is enabled to select one or more of the graphics by making a gesture on the graphics, for example, with one or more fingers 202 (not drawn to scale in the figure) or one or more styluses 203 (not drawn to scale in the figure). In some embodiments, selection of one or more graphics occurs when the user breaks contact with the one or more graphics. In some embodiments, the gesture optionally includes one or more taps, one or more swipes (from left to right, right to left, upward and/or downward), and/or a rolling of a finger (from right to left, left to right, upward and/or downward) that has made contact with device 100. In some implementations or circumstances, inadvertent contact with a graphic does not select the graphic. For example, a swipe gesture that sweeps over an application icon optionally does not select the corresponding application when the gesture corresponding to selection is a tap.

Device 100 optionally also include one or more physical buttons, such as “home” or menu button 204. As described previously, menu button 204 is, optionally, used to navigate to any application 136 in a set of applications that are, optionally, executed on device 100. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the menu button is implemented as a soft key in a GUI displayed on touch screen 112.

In some embodiments, device 100 includes touch screen 112, menu button 204, push button 206 for powering the device on/off and locking the device, volume adjustment button(s) 208, subscriber identity module (SIM) card slot 210, headset jack 212, and docking/charging external port 124. Push button 206 is, optionally, used to turn the power on/off on the device by depressing the button and holding the button in the depressed state for a predefined time interval; to lock the device by depressing the button and releasing the button before the predefined time interval has elapsed; and/or to unlock the device or initiate an unlock process. In an alternative embodiment, device 100 also accepts verbal input for activation or deactivation of some functions through microphone 113. Device 100 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors 165 for detecting intensity of contacts on touch screen 112 and/or one or more tactile output generators 167 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 100.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary multifunction device with a display and a touch-sensitive surface in accordance with some embodiments. Device 300 need not be portable. In some embodiments, device 300 is a laptop computer, a desktop computer, a tablet computer, a multimedia player device, a navigation device, an educational device (such as a child's learning toy), a gaming system, or a control device (e.g., a home or industrial controller). Device 300 typically includes one or more processing units (CPUs) 310, one or more network or other communications interfaces 360, memory 370, and one or more communication buses 320 for interconnecting these components. Communication buses 320 optionally include circuitry (sometimes called a chipset) that interconnects and controls communications between system components. Device 300 includes input/output (I/O) interface 330 comprising display 340, which is typically a touch screen display. I/O interface 330 also optionally includes a keyboard and/or mouse (or other pointing device) 350 and touchpad 355, tactile output generator 357 for generating tactile outputs on device 300 (e.g., similar to tactile output generator(s) 167 described above with reference to FIG. 1A), sensors 359 (e.g., optical, acceleration, proximity, touch-sensitive, and/or contact intensity sensors similar to contact intensity sensor(s) 165 described above with reference to FIG. 1A). Memory 370 includes high-speed random access memory, such as DRAM, SRAM, DDR RAM, or other random access solid state memory devices; and optionally includes non-volatile memory, such as one or more magnetic disk storage devices, optical disk storage devices, flash memory devices, or other non-volatile solid state storage devices. Memory 370 optionally includes one or more storage devices remotely located from CPU(s) 310. In some embodiments, memory 370 stores programs, modules, and data structures analogous to the programs, modules, and data structures stored in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG. 1A), or a subset thereof. Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional programs, modules, and data structures not present in memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100. For example, memory 370 of device 300 optionally stores drawing module 380, presentation module 382, word processing module 384, website creation module 386, disk authoring module 388, and/or spreadsheet module 390, while memory 102 of portable multifunction device 100 (FIG. 1A) optionally does not store these modules.

Each of the above-identified elements in FIG. 3 is, optionally, stored in one or more of the previously mentioned memory devices. Each of the above-identified modules corresponds to a set of instructions for performing a function described above. The above-identified modules or programs (e.g., sets of instructions) need not be implemented as separate software programs, procedures, or modules, and thus various subsets of these modules are, optionally, combined or otherwise rearranged in various embodiments. In some embodiments, memory 370 optionally stores a subset of the modules and data structures identified above. Furthermore, memory 370 optionally stores additional modules and data structures not described above.

Attention is now directed towards embodiments of user interfaces that are, optionally, implemented on, for example, portable multifunction device 100.

FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary user interface for a menu of applications on portable multifunction device 100 in accordance with some embodiments. Similar user interfaces are, optionally, implemented on device 300. In some embodiments, user interface 400 includes the following elements, or a subset or superset thereof:

-   -   Signal strength indicator(s) 402 for wireless communication(s),         such as cellular and Wi-Fi signals;     -   Time 404;     -   Bluetooth indicator 405;     -   Battery status indicator 406;     -   Tray 408 with icons for frequently used applications, such as:         -   Icon 416 for telephone module 138, labeled “Phone,” which             optionally includes an indicator 414 of the number of missed             calls or voicemail messages;         -   Icon 418 for e-mail client module 140, labeled “Mail,” which             optionally includes an indicator 410 of the number of unread             e-mails;         -   Icon 420 for browser module 147, labeled “Browser;” and         -   Icon 422 for video and music player module 152, also             referred to as iPod (trademark of Apple Inc.) module 152,             labeled “iPod;” and     -   Icons for other applications, such as:         -   Icon 424 for IM module 141, labeled “Messages;”         -   Icon 426 for calendar module 148, labeled “Calendar;”         -   Icon 428 for image management module 144, labeled “Photos;”         -   Icon 430 for camera module 143, labeled “Camera;”         -   Icon 432 for online video module 155, labeled “Online             Video;”         -   Icon 434 for stocks widget 149-2, labeled “Stocks;”         -   Icon 436 for map module 154, labeled “Maps;”         -   Icon 438 for weather widget 149-1, labeled “Weather;”         -   Icon 440 for alarm clock widget 149-4, labeled “Clock;”         -   Icon 442 for workout support module 142, labeled “Workout             Support;”         -   Icon 444 for notes module 153, labeled “Notes;” and         -   Icon 446 for a settings application or module, labeled             “Settings,” which provides access to settings for device 100             and its various applications 136.

It should be noted that the icon labels illustrated in FIG. 4A are merely exemplary. For example, icon 422 for video and music player module 152 are labeled “Music” or “Music Player.” Other labels are, optionally, used for various application icons. In some embodiments, a label for a respective application icon includes a name of an application corresponding to the respective application icon. In some embodiments, a label for a particular application icon is distinct from a name of an application corresponding to the particular application icon.

FIG. 4B illustrates an exemplary user interface on a device (e.g., device 300, FIG. 3) with a touch-sensitive surface 451 (e.g., a tablet or touchpad 355, FIG. 3) that is separate from the display 450 (e.g., touch screen display 112). Device 300 also, optionally, includes one or more contact intensity sensors (e.g., one or more of sensors 359) for detecting intensity of contacts on touch-sensitive surface 451 and/or one or more tactile output generators 357 for generating tactile outputs for a user of device 300.

Although some of the examples that follow will be given with reference to inputs on touch screen display 112 (where the touch-sensitive surface and the display are combined), in some embodiments, the device detects inputs on a touch-sensitive surface that is separate from the display, as shown in FIG. 4B. In some embodiments, the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG. 4B) has a primary axis (e.g., 452 in FIG. 4B) that corresponds to a primary axis (e.g., 453 in FIG. 4B) on the display (e.g., 450). In accordance with these embodiments, the device detects contacts (e.g., 460 and 462 in FIG. 4B) with the touch-sensitive surface 451 at locations that correspond to respective locations on the display (e.g., in FIG. 4B, 460 corresponds to 468 and 462 corresponds to 470). In this way, user inputs (e.g., contacts 460 and 462, and movements thereof) detected by the device on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., 451 in FIG. 4B) are used by the device to manipulate the user interface on the display (e.g., 450 in FIG. 4B) of the multifunction device when the touch-sensitive surface is separate from the display. It should be understood that similar methods are, optionally, used for other user interfaces described herein.

Additionally, while the following examples are given primarily with reference to finger inputs (e.g., finger contacts, finger tap gestures, finger swipe gestures), it should be understood that, in some embodiments, one or more of the finger inputs are replaced with input from another input device (e.g., a mouse-based input or stylus input). For example, a swipe gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click (e.g., instead of a contact) followed by movement of the cursor along the path of the swipe (e.g., instead of movement of the contact). As another example, a tap gesture is, optionally, replaced with a mouse click while the cursor is located over the location of the tap gesture (e.g., instead of detection of the contact followed by ceasing to detect the contact). Similarly, when multiple user inputs are simultaneously detected, it should be understood that multiple computer mice are, optionally, used simultaneously, or a mouse and finger contacts are, optionally, used simultaneously.

FIG. 5A illustrates exemplary personal electronic device 500. Device 500 includes body 502. In some embodiments, device 500 can include some or all of the features described with respect to devices 100 and 300 (e.g., FIGS. 1A-4B). In some embodiments, device 500 has touch-sensitive display screen 504, hereafter touch screen 504. Alternatively, or in addition to touch screen 504, device 500 has a display and a touch-sensitive surface. As with devices 100 and 300, in some embodiments, touch screen 504 (or the touch-sensitive surface) optionally includes one or more intensity sensors for detecting intensity of contacts (e.g., touches) being applied. The one or more intensity sensors of touch screen 504 (or the touch-sensitive surface) can provide output data that represents the intensity of touches. The user interface of device 500 can respond to touches based on their intensity, meaning that touches of different intensities can invoke different user interface operations on device 500.

Exemplary techniques for detecting and processing touch intensity are found, for example, in related applications: International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/040061, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Displaying User Interface Objects Corresponding to an Application,” filed May 8, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2013/169849, and International Patent Application Serial No. PCT/US2013/069483, titled “Device, Method, and Graphical User Interface for Transitioning Between Touch Input to Display Output Relationships,” filed Nov. 11, 2013, published as WIPO Publication No. WO/2014/105276, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, device 500 has one or more input mechanisms 506 and 508. Input mechanisms 506 and 508, if included, can be physical. Examples of physical input mechanisms include push buttons and rotatable mechanisms. In some embodiments, device 500 has one or more attachment mechanisms. Such attachment mechanisms, if included, can permit attachment of device 500 with, for example, hats, eyewear, earrings, necklaces, shirts, jackets, bracelets, watch straps, chains, trousers, belts, shoes, purses, backpacks, and so forth. These attachment mechanisms permit device 500 to be worn by a user.

FIG. 5B depicts exemplary personal electronic device 500. In some embodiments, device 500 can include some or all of the components described with respect to FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 3. Device 500 has bus 512 that operatively couples I/O section 514 with one or more computer processors 516 and memory 518. I/O section 514 can be connected to display 504, which can have touch-sensitive component 522 and, optionally, intensity sensor 524 (e.g., contact intensity sensor). In addition, I/O section 514 can be connected with communication unit 530 for receiving application and operating system data, using Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, near field communication (NFC), cellular, and/or other wireless communication techniques. Device 500 can include input mechanisms 506 and/or 508. Input mechanism 508 is, optionally, a button, in some examples.

Input mechanism 508 is, optionally, a microphone, in some examples. Personal electronic device 500 optionally includes various sensors, such as GPS sensor 532, accelerometer 534, directional sensor 540 (e.g., compass), gyroscope 536, motion sensor 538, and/or a combination thereof, all of which can be operatively connected to I/O section 514.

Memory 518 of personal electronic device 500 can include one or more non-transitory computer-readable storage mediums, for storing computer-executable instructions, which, when executed by one or more computer processors 516, for example, can cause the computer processors to perform the techniques described below, including the processes described below. Personal electronic device 500 is not limited to the components and configuration of FIG. 5B, but can include other or additional components in multiple configurations.

As used here, the term “affordance” refers to a user-interactive graphical user interface object that is, optionally, displayed on the display screen of devices 100, 300, and/or 500 (FIGS. 1, 3, and 5). For example, an image (e.g., icon), a button, and text (e.g., hyperlink) each optionally constitute an affordance.

As used herein, the term “focus selector” refers to an input element that indicates a current part of a user interface with which a user is interacting. In some implementations that include a cursor or other location marker, the cursor acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input) is detected on a touch-sensitive surface (e.g., touchpad 355 in FIG. 3 or touch-sensitive surface 451 in FIG. 4B) while the cursor is over a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations that include a touch screen display (e.g., touch-sensitive display system 112 in FIG. 1A or touch screen 112 in FIG. 4A) that enables direct interaction with user interface elements on the touch screen display, a detected contact on the touch screen acts as a “focus selector” so that when an input (e.g., a press input by the contact) is detected on the touch screen display at a location of a particular user interface element (e.g., a button, window, slider, or other user interface element), the particular user interface element is adjusted in accordance with the detected input. In some implementations, focus is moved from one region of a user interface to another region of the user interface without corresponding movement of a cursor or movement of a contact on a touch screen display (e.g., by using a tab key or arrow keys to move focus from one button to another button); in these implementations, the focus selector moves in accordance with movement of focus between different regions of the user interface. Without regard to the specific form taken by the focus selector, the focus selector is generally the user interface element (or contact on a touch screen display) that is controlled by the user so as to communicate the user's intended interaction with the user interface (e.g., by indicating, to the device, the element of the user interface with which the user is intending to interact). For example, the location of a focus selector (e.g., a cursor, a contact, or a selection box) over a respective button while a press input is detected on the touch-sensitive surface (e.g., a touchpad or touch screen) will indicate that the user is intending to activate the respective button (as opposed to other user interface elements shown on a display of the device).

As used in the specification and claims, the term “characteristic intensity” of a contact refers to a characteristic of the contact based on one or more intensities of the contact. In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is based on multiple intensity samples. The characteristic intensity is, optionally, based on a predefined number of intensity samples, or a set of intensity samples collected during a predetermined time period (e.g., 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 seconds) relative to a predefined event (e.g., after detecting the contact, prior to detecting liftoff of the contact, before or after detecting a start of movement of the contact, prior to detecting an end of the contact, before or after detecting an increase in intensity of the contact, and/or before or after detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact). A characteristic intensity of a contact is, optionally, based on one or more of: a maximum value of the intensities of the contact, a mean value of the intensities of the contact, an average value of the intensities of the contact, a top 10 percentile value of the intensities of the contact, a value at the half maximum of the intensities of the contact, a value at the 90 percent maximum of the intensities of the contact, or the like. In some embodiments, the duration of the contact is used in determining the characteristic intensity (e.g., when the characteristic intensity is an average of the intensity of the contact over time). In some embodiments, the characteristic intensity is compared to a set of one or more intensity thresholds to determine whether an operation has been performed by a user. For example, the set of one or more intensity thresholds optionally includes a first intensity threshold and a second intensity threshold. In this example, a contact with a characteristic intensity that does not exceed the first threshold results in a first operation, a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the first intensity threshold and does not exceed the second intensity threshold results in a second operation, and a contact with a characteristic intensity that exceeds the second threshold results in a third operation. In some embodiments, a comparison between the characteristic intensity and one or more thresholds is used to determine whether or not to perform one or more operations (e.g., whether to perform a respective operation or forgo performing the respective operation), rather than being used to determine whether to perform a first operation or a second operation.

In some embodiments, a portion of a gesture is identified for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity. For example, a touch-sensitive surface optionally receives a continuous swipe contact transitioning from a start location and reaching an end location, at which point the intensity of the contact increases. In this example, the characteristic intensity of the contact at the end location is, optionally, based on only a portion of the continuous swipe contact, and not the entire swipe contact (e.g., only the portion of the swipe contact at the end location). In some embodiments, a smoothing algorithm is, optionally, applied to the intensities of the swipe contact prior to determining the characteristic intensity of the contact. For example, the smoothing algorithm optionally includes one or more of: an unweighted sliding-average smoothing algorithm, a triangular smoothing algorithm, a median filter smoothing algorithm, and/or an exponential smoothing algorithm. In some circumstances, these smoothing algorithms eliminate narrow spikes or dips in the intensities of the swipe contact for purposes of determining a characteristic intensity.

The intensity of a contact on the touch-sensitive surface is, optionally, characterized relative to one or more intensity thresholds, such as a contact-detection intensity threshold, a light press intensity threshold, a deep press intensity threshold, and/or one or more other intensity thresholds. In some embodiments, the light press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, the deep press intensity threshold corresponds to an intensity at which the device will perform operations that are different from operations typically associated with clicking a button of a physical mouse or a trackpad. In some embodiments, when a contact is detected with a characteristic intensity below the light press intensity threshold (e.g., and above a nominal contact-detection intensity threshold below which the contact is no longer detected), the device will move a focus selector in accordance with movement of the contact on the touch-sensitive surface without performing an operation associated with the light press intensity threshold or the deep press intensity threshold. Generally, unless otherwise stated, these intensity thresholds are consistent between different sets of user interface figures.

An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the light press intensity threshold to an intensity between the light press intensity threshold and the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “light press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the deep press intensity threshold to an intensity above the deep press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as a “deep press” input. An increase of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity between the contact-detection intensity threshold and the light press intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting the contact on the touch-surface. A decrease of characteristic intensity of the contact from an intensity above the contact-detection intensity threshold to an intensity below the contact-detection intensity threshold is sometimes referred to as detecting liftoff of the contact from the touch-surface. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is zero. In some embodiments, the contact-detection intensity threshold is greater than zero.

In some embodiments described herein, one or more operations are performed in response to detecting a gesture that includes a respective press input or in response to detecting the respective press input performed with a respective contact (or a plurality of contacts), where the respective press input is detected based at least in part on detecting an increase in intensity of the contact (or plurality of contacts) above a press-input intensity threshold. In some embodiments, the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., a “down stroke” of the respective press input). In some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the press-input threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input).

In some embodiments, the device employs intensity hysteresis to avoid accidental inputs sometimes termed “jitter,” where the device defines or selects a hysteresis intensity threshold with a predefined relationship to the press-input intensity threshold (e.g., the hysteresis intensity threshold is X intensity units lower than the press-input intensity threshold or the hysteresis intensity threshold is 75%, 90%, or some reasonable proportion of the press-input intensity threshold). Thus, in some embodiments, the press input includes an increase in intensity of the respective contact above the press-input intensity threshold and a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold that corresponds to the press-input intensity threshold, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the subsequent decrease in intensity of the respective contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold (e.g., an “up stroke” of the respective press input). Similarly, in some embodiments, the press input is detected only when the device detects an increase in intensity of the contact from an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity at or above the press-input intensity threshold and, optionally, a subsequent decrease in intensity of the contact to an intensity at or below the hysteresis intensity, and the respective operation is performed in response to detecting the press input (e.g., the increase in intensity of the contact or the decrease in intensity of the contact, depending on the circumstances).

For ease of explanation, the descriptions of operations performed in response to a press input associated with a press-input intensity threshold or in response to a gesture including the press input are, optionally, triggered in response to detecting either: an increase in intensity of a contact above the press-input intensity threshold, an increase in intensity of a contact from an intensity below the hysteresis intensity threshold to an intensity above the press-input intensity threshold, a decrease in intensity of the contact below the press-input intensity threshold, and/or a decrease in intensity of the contact below the hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to the press-input intensity threshold. Additionally, in examples where an operation is described as being performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of a contact below the press-input intensity threshold, the operation is, optionally, performed in response to detecting a decrease in intensity of the contact below a hysteresis intensity threshold corresponding to, and lower than, the press-input intensity threshold.

FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary schematic block diagram of language input module 600 in accordance with some embodiments. In some embodiments, language input module 600 is implemented using one or more multifunction devices including but not limited to devices 100, 300, and 1100 (FIGS. 1A, 3, and 11). In particular, memory 102 (FIG. 1A) or 370 (FIG. 3), in some examples, includes language input module 600. Language input module 600 enables language input functionalities in a multifunctional device. Specifically, language input module 600 enables a multifunctional device to perform processes for dynamic phrase expansion of language input (e.g., process 700) as described herein.

As shown in FIG. 6, language input module 600 includes language input converter engine 602, dictionary 604, language model 608, lexicon 606, vocabulary store 610, and phrase expansion engine 612. Language input converter module 602 is configured to receive text of a first symbolic system and to convert the text to a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of a second symbolic system. In particular, language input converter module 602 is configured to receive text of the first symbolic system and parse it into one or more segments. Additionally, language input converter module 602 is configured to search lexicon 606 for matching segments that correspond to words of the second symbolic system. Lexicon 606 includes a collection of words or strings of the first symbolic system that each correspond to one or more words of the second symbolic system. For example, lexicon 606 includes a collection of Chinese Pinyin words or strings that each correspond to one or more Chinese words. In a specific example, the collection of Chinese Pinyin words or strings includes the Chinese Pinyin string “wo” that corresponds to the candidate words “

(I),” “

(oh),” “

(nest),” and “

(hold).” Language input converter module 602 is configured to search dictionary 604 to determine candidate words of the second symbolic system that correspond to the parsed segments of the text. Dictionary 604 includes a collection of words or strings of the first symbolic system. Each word or string in dictionary 604 is mapped to one or more corresponding words of the second symbolic system. For example, using dictionary 604, language input converter module 602 maps the Chinese Pinyin string “wo” to the corresponding candidate words “

(I),” “

(oh),” “

(nest),” and “

(hold).” Language input converter module 602 is further configured to utilize language model 608 to determine a likelihood score for each set of one or more candidate words of the second symbolic system. Language model 608 includes one or more statistical language models (e.g., n-gram language models, neural network based language models, etc.). Further, in some examples, language model 608 includes one or more part-of-speech language models. Each language model is trained using a corpus of text of the second symbolic system. In particular, language input converter module 602 provides each set of one or more candidate words to language model 608 and obtains from language model 608 a corresponding likelihood score. The likelihood score represents a likelihood of the respective set of one or more candidate words in a corpus of text. Language input converter module 602 is further configured to rank the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words based on the corresponding likelihood scores.

At least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words generated by language input converter module 602 is provided to phrase expansion engine 612 to generate expanded candidate phrases. The at least a portion is based on, for example, the ranking of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words. Based on the at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, phrase expansion engine 612 generates a plurality of expanded candidate phrases. Specifically, phrase expansion engine 612 is configured to determine and generate one or more expanded candidate phrases from a set of one or more candidate words. In some examples, phrase expansion engine 612 utilizes language model 608 to determine one or more predicted words given at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words. A likelihood score is associated with the one or more predicted words. The likelihood score represents the likelihood of the one or more predicted words given the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words. In some examples, an expanded candidate phrase is generated based on the one or more predicted words. The expanded candidate phrase includes, for example, the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words and the one or more predicted words.

In some examples, phrase expansion engine 612 is configured to select the one or more predicted words from vocabulary store 610. Vocabulary store 610 includes predetermined sets of one or more words. Each set of one or more words in the predetermined sets of one or more words corresponds to an ending of a phrase. Selecting the one or more predicted words from vocabulary store 610 results in the generation of expanded candidate phrases that are complete phrases.

Phrase expansion engine 612 is further configured to search lexicon 606 to determine whether an end word of a set of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word. Lexicon 606 includes, for example, a collection of prefixes of the second symbolic system. If the end word is determined to be a prefix of another word, phrase expansion engine 612 drops the end word and determines the one or more predicted words based on a subset of the set of one or more candidate words. The subset does not, for example, include the end word.

In examples where the one or more predicted words are determined based on a subset of the set of one or more candidate words, phrase expansion engine 612 is configured to verify that the one or more predicted words are consistent with the received text of the first symbolic system. Specifically, phrase expansion engine 612 is configured to determine whether at least one word of the one or more predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system. In some examples, if the one or more predicted words correspond to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, the one or more predicted words are accepted and used to generate an expanded candidate phrase. If the one or more predicted words do not correspond to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, the one or more predicted words are rejected and not used to generate an expanded candidate phrase.

Phrase expansion engine 612 is further configured to perform phrase boundary verification. In particular, phrase expansion engine 612 is configured to determine whether the end of a phrase comprising the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words and the one or more predicted words corresponds to a phrase boundary. The determination is performed using, for example, a part-of-speech language model in language model 608. For example, part-of-speech information encoded in each word of the phrase is provided to the part-of-speech language model and the part-of-speech language model determines a likelihood that the end of the phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary. If the end of the phrase is determined to correspond to a phrase boundary, then the phrase is optionally stored as an expanded candidate phrase. If the end of the phrase is determined not to correspond to a phrase boundary, then one or more additional predicted words are determined using phrase expansion engine 612 to complete the phrase.

Phrase expansion engine 612 is further configured to determine a likelihood score for each expanded candidate phrase generated by phrase expansion engine 612. The likelihood score is generated, for example, using language model 608. Additionally, or alternatively, the likelihood score for a given expanded candidate phrase is, in some examples, generated based on combining the likelihood score of the respective set of one or more candidate words and the likelihood score of the respective one or more predicted words. Phrase expansion engine 612 is further configured to rank the plurality of expanded candidate phrases based on the plurality of likelihood scores. Based on the ranking, phrase expansion engine 612 provides one or more expanded candidate phrases for display (e.g., via touchscreen 112) to the user.

FIGS. 7A-C is a flow diagram illustrating process 700 for dynamic phrase expansion of language input using an electronic device in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 8 illustrates multiple sets of one or more candidate Chinese words converted from a Chinese Pinyin text input in accordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 9A-C illustrate expanded Chinese phrases generated by dynamic phrase expansion in accordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 10A-B illustrate an electronic device implementing aspects of dynamic phrase expansion of language input in accordance with some embodiments. Process 700 is described below with simultaneous reference to FIGS. 7A-C, 8, 9A-C, and 10. Process 700 is performed, for example, at a device (e.g., 100, 300, or 500) with a display. In particular, process 700 can be performed using a language module (e.g., language input module 600 of FIG. 6) implemented on the devices. Some operations of process 700 are, optionally, combined, the order of some operations are, optionally, changed, and some operations are, optionally, omitted.

At block 702, a user input is received. The user input is received, for example, via a user interface (e.g., a keyboard/mouse 350, or a text input graphical user interface displayed on touch screen 112) of the electronic device. For example, with reference to FIGS. 10A-B, user input is received via keyboard interface 1002 displayed on electronic device 1000. Electronic device 1000 is similar to device 100 or 300 described above. The user input comprises text of a first symbolic system. The text of the user input represents, for example, a phonetic pronunciation of at least part of a word of a language. The first symbolic system can be any phonetic symbolic writing system for transcribing a language. In one example, the first symbolic system comprises Chinese Pinyin or Chinese Zhuyin. In another example, the first symbolic system comprises Japanese Kana or Japanese Romaji. In a specific example shown in FIGS. 8 and 10A, the user input comprises text 810 “wodaibiaoquanjiazhuniwan” of the Chinese Pinyin symbolic system. In this example, in response to receiving the user input, text 810 is displayed in user interface 1004. In this example, user interface 1004 is a user interface of a word processing program. It should be recognized that in other examples, the user interface can be any text-based user interface of an application, such as a messaging application, email application, web browser, or the like.

At block 704, a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of a second symbolic system of the language are determined based on the text of block 702. Block 704 can be performed, for example, by a language input converter module (language input converter module 602). The text of block 702 is converted into multiple sets of one or more candidate words in the second symbolic system. Each set of one or more candidate words corresponds to the text. The conversion is performed by parsing the text into different segments and mapping each segment to one or more corresponding candidate words using a dictionary (e.g., dictionary 604), a look-up table, or the like. The second symbolic system is, for example, different from the first symbolic system. In some examples, the first symbolic system comprises a Roman character system and the second symbolic system comprises a non-Roman character system. In one such example, the first symbolic system comprises Chinese Pinyin and the second symbolic system comprises Chinese characters. In other examples, the first symbolic system comprises a first non-Roman syllabic character system and the second symbolic system comprise a second non-Roman character system. In one such example, the first symbolic system comprises Chinese Zhuyin and the second symbolic system comprises Chinese characters. In another such example, the first symbolic system comprises Japanese Kana and the second symbolic system comprises a combination of Japanese Kana and Kanji.

Referring to the example of FIG. 8, Pinyin text 810 is converted to a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words 812 in Chinese characters. Although Pinyin text 810 is shown as segmented with spaces between the segments, it should be recognized that in some examples, Pinyin text 810 is received without any spaces between any of the letters. For example, as shown in FIG. 10A, Pinyin text 810 is received without any spaces between the letters. During conversion, Pinyin text 810 is parsed into segments that each represents a candidate Chinese word. As shown, Pinyin segments “wo,” “dai,” “biao,” “daibiao,” “quanjia,” etc. are identified by parsing Pinyin text 810. The parsing is performed, for example, by searching a Chinese Pinyin lexicon (e.g., lexicon 606) for matching Pinyin segments that correspond to Chinese words. Each segment is then converted into one or more candidate words using, for example, a Pinyin-to-Chinese character dictionary (e.g., at dictionary 604) or look-up table. For example, as shown in FIG. 8, the Pinyin segment “wo” in Pinyin text 810 is determined to correspond to the candidate words “

(I),” “

(oh),” “

(nest),” and “

(hold).” Similarly, the Pinyin segment “daibiao” is determined to correspond to the candidate words “

(on behalf of)” and “

(wear watch).” Thus, each candidate word in each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words corresponds to at least a portion of the text. For example, “

(I)” corresponds to the Pinyin segment “wo” and “

(wear watch)” corresponds to the Pinyin segment “daibiao.” In other words, in this example, none of the candidate words in plurality of sets of one or more candidate words 812 are predicted. Rather, each of the candidate words in the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is converted from at least a portion of Pinyin text 810.

It should be appreciated that when parsing the Pinyin text into Pinyin segments, multiple pinyin segments are, in some examples, considered when an ambiguity exists. For example, the Pinyin text “xianai” can be parsed into the Pinyin segments “xian/ai,” “xi/an/ai,” and “xia/nai.” In this example, all of these Pinyin segments are considered when determining the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words at block 704.

As depicted in FIG. 8, the candidate words are linked together in a matrix by paths 808. The various combinations of candidate words that are linked together in the matrix make up plurality of sets of one or more candidate words 812. For example, first set of one or more candidate words 806 (depicted in bold) includes “

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(play).” Second set of one or more candidate words 804 (also depicted in bold), for example, includes “

(wear watch)

(full price)

(live)

(intend)

(night).”

In some examples, the user input of block 702 does not indicate an acceptance of any candidate word(s) of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words. For example, in some text input interfaces, certain input characters (e.g., space or full stop) denote the user's acceptance of a proposed candidate word or set of candidate words corresponding to the text input. For these text input interfaces, the user input of block 702 does not, for example, include these input characters.

In some examples, block 704 includes block 706. At block 706, a plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words are determined. Block 706 can be performed using a language input converter engine (language input converter module 602). In particular, for each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, a corresponding likelihood score of the plurality of likelihood scores is determined. Each likelihood score of the plurality of likelihood scores is determined, for example, using a language model (e.g., language model 608). For example, the language model determines each likelihood score given the textual context where the respective set of one or more candidate words appears. The language model is, for example, a statistical language model, such as an n-gram language model, or a neural network based language model, such as a recurrent neural network language model (RNNLM) or a long short-term memory language model (LSTMLM). The language model is configured to receive a set of one or more candidate words and determine a corresponding likelihood score. The likelihood score represents, for example, the likelihood of occurrence of the set of one or more candidate words in a corpus of text used to train the language model. Thus, sets of one or more candidate words that occur more frequently in the corpus would be determined to have a higher likelihood score.

Returning to the example of FIG. 8, a likelihood score is determined using a language model for each set of one or more candidate words of plurality of sets of one or more candidate words 812. In this example, first set of one or more candidate words 806 “

(I) (on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(play)” is the most semantically correct and thus the most likely to occur in a corpus of text among plurality of sets of one or more candidate words 812. Therefore, in this example, first set of one or more candidate words 806 is determined to have the highest likelihood score among plurality of sets of one or more candidate words 812.

At block 708, the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words are ranked based on the plurality of likelihood scores determined at block 706. Block 708 can be performed using a language input converter engine (language input converter module 602). For example, the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words are ranked according to the corresponding likelihood scores from the highest likelihood score to the lowest likelihood score. In the example of FIG. 8, the first set of one or more candidate words has the highest likelihood score and thus is the highest ranked set of one or more candidate words among plurality of sets of one or more candidate words 812.

At block 710, a plurality of expanded candidate phrases are determined based on at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words. The plurality of expanded candidate phrases are phrases of the second symbolic system. Block 710 can be performed using a phrase expansion engine (e.g., phrase expansion engine 612). Each expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and one or more predicted words. The one or more predicted words are determined based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words. Block 710, in some examples, includes one or more of blocks 712-722.

The plurality of expanded candidate phrases can be determined based on any number of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words. In some examples, the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are determined based on every set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of candidate words. In these examples, each set of one or more candidate words is used to generate one or more expanded candidate phrases. In other examples, the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are determined based on the N highest ranked sets of one or more candidate words among the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, where N is a predetermined integer greater than zero. Specifically, based on the ranking of block 708, the N highest ranked sets of one or more candidate words are identified and each of these N highest ranked sets of one or more candidate words is used to generate one or more expanded candidate phrases. In a specific example, N is the integer “1” where the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are determined based on the highest ranked set of one or more candidate words.

At block 712, one or more predicted words are determined given at least one word of a set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words. An expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases is generated based on the determined one or more predicted words. Block 712 can be performed using a phrase expansion engine (e.g., phrase expansion engine 612). The one or more predicted words are words of the second symbolic system of the language. The phrase expansion engine uses, for example, a language model (e.g., language model 608) to determine the one or more predicted words. In particular, given the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words, one or more predicted words that likely succeed the at least one word are determined using the language model. In some examples, the determined one or more predicted words are associated with a likelihood score. The likelihood score is generated from the language model and represents, for example, the likelihood of the one or more predicted words given the at least one word of a set of one or more candidate words. The language model used to determine the one or more predicted words is, for example, an n-gram language model. In other examples, the language model is a neural network based language model. In some examples, the number of words in the one or more predicted words is less than an order of the language model. This is particularly applicable in examples where the language model is an n-gram language model. For example, if the language model is a 4-gram language model, then the number of words in the one or more predicted words would be less than four. This is desirable to achieve accurate word predictions. In particular, an n-gram language model of order n considers only the n−1 previous words as direct context. If the one or more predicted words determined from the n-gram language model has n words or greater, then the one or more predicted word would not be directly based on the context of any word in the set of one or more candidate words, which would result in inaccurate word prediction. It should be recognized that other statistical language models can be used to perform block 712. Further, it should be recognized that in examples where the language model is a neural network language model (e.g., RNNLM or LSTMLM), the number of words in the one or more predicted words need not be limited. For example, a RNNLM can consider all words in the entire input and thus the one or more predicted words can contain any number of words.

In some examples, the one or more predicted words are determined by selecting the one or more predicted words from a plurality of predetermined sets of one or more words. The predetermined sets of one or more words are obtained, for example, from a vocabulary store (e.g., vocabulary store 610). In some examples, each set of one or more words in the predetermined sets of one or more words corresponds to an ending of a phrase. Thus, in these examples, the determined one or more predicted words correspond to an ending of a phrase. This can be desirable to prevent incomplete expanded candidate phrases from being generated.

In some examples, the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words used to determine the one or more predicted words includes the entire set of one or more candidate words. For example, referring to FIG. 9A, one or more first predicted words 902 are determined given the entire first set 806 of one or more candidate words of plurality of sets of one or more candidate words 812. In this example, the determined one or more first predicted words 902 is the Chinese word “

,” which is a grammatical particle for indicating a completion of an action. First expanded candidate phrase 952 is generated using one or more first predicted words 902. Specifically, in this example, first expanded candidate phrase 952 of plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950 includes first set of one or more candidate words 806 and one or more first predicted words 902: “

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(play)

.” It should be recognized that any number of one or more predicted words can be determined at block 712. For example, as shown in FIG. 9A, one or more second predicted words 904 “

(enough)

,” are determined given first set of one or more candidate words 806. Second expanded candidate phrase 954 is then generated using one or more second predicted words 904. Specifically, in this example, second expanded candidate phrase 954 of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950 includes first set of one or more candidate words 806 and one or more second predicted words 904: “

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(play)

(enough)

.”

At block 714, a determination is made as to whether an end word of the set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word. Block 714 can be performed using a phrase expansion engine (e.g., phrase expansion engine 612). For example, with reference to FIG. 8, a prefix search is performed on the end word “

(play)” of first set (806) of one or more candidate words to determine whether it corresponds to a prefix of another word. The prefix search is performed, for example, by searching a lexicon of prefixes (e.g., lexicon 606) to determine whether the end word matches any word in the lexicon of prefixes. If a match is found, then the end word is determined to correspond to a prefix of another word. Conversely, if no match is found, then the end word is determined not to correspond to a prefix of another word. In the present example, the end word “

(play)” is determined to be a prefix of another word.

In accordance with a determination that the end word of the set of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word, the end word is dropped and the remaining words of the set of one or more candidate words are used to determine the one or more predicted words. In these examples, the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words used to determine the one or more predicted words is a subset of the set of one or more candidate words. For example, referring now to FIG. 9B, the end word “

(play)” is dropped from first set of one or more candidate words 806 and the remaining words form subset 910 of first set of one or more candidate words 806. Thus, subset 910 of first set of one or more candidate words 806 does not include the end word “

(play).” Each of the one or more predicted words 912-918 is then determined based on subset 910 of first set of one or more candidate words 806. The plurality of expanded candidate phrases, for example, include combinations of subset 910 of first set of one or more candidate words 806 and each of the one or more predicted words 912-918.

It should be recognized that the determination of block 714 can be performed for each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words. Further, it should be recognized that any number of words can be dropped from a set of one or more candidate words to form a subset of the set of one or more candidate words. For instance, in some examples, two or three end words of a set of one or more candidate words are dropped and the remaining words form the subset of the set of one or more candidate words. Further, in these examples, the number of predicted words in the one or more predicted words is equal to or greater than the number of end words dropped (e.g., where each predicted word and each dropped end word corresponds to a monosyllabic character of the second symbolic system). For example, if three Chinese characters at the end of a set of one or more candidate words are dropped, then the one or more predicted words determined based on the remaining words of the set of one or more candidate words include at least three Chinese characters.

In examples where the one or more predicted words are determined based on a subset of a set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, block 716 is optionally performed. At block 716, a determination is made as to whether at least one word of the one or more predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system. For example, with reference to FIG. 9B, each of the one or more predicted words 912-918 is analyzed to determine whether at least one word (e.g., the first word) of the one or more predicted words corresponds to a portion of Pinyin text 810. In particular, the corresponding Pinyin text is determined for each of the one or more predicted words by looking up the one or more predicted words in a Chinese character to Pinyin dictionary (e.g., at dictionary 604). In the present example, as shown in FIG. 9B, the corresponding Pinyin texts of one or more third predicted words 912, one or more fourth predicted words 914, one or more fifth predicted words 916, and one or more sixth predicted words 918 are “hao yun,” “xing fu,” “wan zheng,” and “wan shi,” respectively. Each of the Pinyin texts of the one or more predicted words 912-918 are then compared to Pinyin text 810 to determine whether the Pinyin text of at least one word of the respective one or more predicted words corresponds to a portion of Pinyin text 810. For example, the Pinyin texts of the one or more predicted words 912-918 are compared to the portion “wan” of Pinyin text 810 corresponding to the removed word “

(play)” to determine whether any partial match exists. More specifically, for example, a determination is made as to whether the portion “wan” of Pinyin text 810 corresponding to the removed word “

(play)” at least partially matches the Pinyin of at least one word (e.g., a Chinese character or a semantic word comprising one or more Chinese characters) of one or more predicted words 912-918. In the present example, the portion “wan” of Pinyin text 810 at least partially matches the Pinyin text “wan” corresponding to the prefixes of the semantic word “

(complete)” of one or more fifth predicted words 916 and the semantic word “

(everything)” of one or more sixth predicted words 918. Thus, for both of these one or more predicted words (916, 918), it is determined that at least one word of the one or more predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system. However, for one or more third predicted words 912 and one or more fourth predicted words 914, it is determined that none of the words of the one or more predicted words correspond to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system. Particularly, the portion “wan” of Pinyin text 810 does not match any portion of the Pinyin texts “hao yun” and “xin fu” of one or more third predicted words 912 “

(good luck)” and one or more fourth predicted words 914 “

(happiness),” respectively.

In accordance with a determination that none of the words of the one or more predicted words correspond to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, block 716 is performed. At block 716, the one or more predicted words are disregarded and not used to generate an expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases. For example, one or more third predicted words 912 “

(good luck)” and one or more fourth predicted words 914 “

(happiness)” are each disregarded and not used to generate an expanded candidate phrase. In particular, process 700 forgoes storing the phrases “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(good luck)” or “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(happiness)” as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases. This enables predicted words that are unlikely to match the user's intent to be discarded earlier in the process, thereby reducing computational cost and increasing efficiency.

In accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, the one or more predicted words are, for example, used to generate an expanded candidate phrase. For example, one or more fifth predicted words 916 “

(complete)” and one or more sixth predicted words 918 “

(everything)” are each combined with subset 910 of set of one or more candidate words 806 to generate expanded candidate phrases. In particular, the generated expanded candidate phrases are stored as part of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases. In some examples, block 718 is performed in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system.

At block 718, phrase boundary verification is performed. In particular, a determination is made as to whether the end of a phrase comprising the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words and the one or more predicted words corresponds to a phrase boundary. For example, in FIG. 9B, the phrases “

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(complete)” and “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything)” are each analyzed at block 718 to determine whether the end of each phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary. In some examples, the determination is based on part-of-speech analysis. In particular, each word of the respective phrase is encoded with part-of-speech information. Based on the encoded part-of-speech information, a part-of-speech based language model (e.g., at language model 608) is used to determine a likelihood that the end of the respective phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary. If the likelihood exceeds a predetermined threshold, then it can be determined that the end of the respective phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary (i.e., the phrase is complete). If the likelihood does not exceed a predetermined threshold, then it can be determined that the end of the respective phrase does not correspond to a phrase boundary (i.e., the phrase is incomplete). In other examples, the determination of block 718 is performed using a set of rules (e.g., non-statistical rules) based on part-of-speech sequences. Specifically, in these examples, the phrase comprising the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words and the one or more predicted words is analyzed using the set of rules (e.g., non-statistical rules) based on part-of-speech sequences to identify phrase boundaries in a deterministic manner. In the example of FIG. 9B, the end of the phrase “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(complete)” is determined to correspond to a phrase boundary whereas the end of the phrase “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything)” is determined to not correspond to a phrase boundary.

In accordance with a determination that the end of a phrase comprising the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words and the one or more predicted words corresponds to a phrase boundary, block 720 is performed. At block 720, the expanded candidate phrase generated based on the one or more predicted words is accepted. In particular, the expanded candidate phrase comprising the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words and the one or more predicted words is stored as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases. For example, with reference to FIGS. 9B-C, the phrase “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(complete)” is accepted and stored as third expanded candidate phrase 956 of plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950.

With reference back to block 718, in accordance with a determination that the end of the phrase comprising the subset of the set of one or more candidate words and the one or more predicted words does not correspond to a phrase boundary, block 722 is performed. At block 722, one or more additional predicted words are determined given the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words and the one or more predicted words. For example, with reference to FIG. 9B, one or more seventh predicted words 920 “

(the best)” and one or more eighth predicted words 922 “

(lucky)” are determined given the phrase “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything).” One or more seventh predicted words 920 and one or more eighth predicted words 922 are determined using a language model in a similar manner as each of the one or more predicted words 912-918, except that the determination is based on one or more sixth predicted words 918 in addition to subset 910 of first set of one or more candidate words 806.

As shown in FIG. 7B, after the one or more additional predicted words are determined at block 722, phrase boundary verification at block 718 is optionally performed again based on the one or more additional predicted words. In particular, a determination is made as to whether the end of a phrase comprising the at least one word of the set of one or more candidate words, the one or more predicted words, and the one or more additional predicted words corresponds to a phrase boundary. In the present example shown in FIG. 9B, the ends of the phrases “

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything)

(the best)” and “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything)

(lucky)” are each determined to correspond to a phrase boundary. In accordance with a determination that the ends of these phrases each correspond to a phrase boundary, the phrases are accepted (block 720) and are each stored as an expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases. Specifically, as shown in FIG. 9C, the phrase “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything)

(the best)” is stored as fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 of plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950 and “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything)

(lucky)” is stored as fifth expanded candidate phrase 960 of plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950.

Although in the present example, only one iteration of blocks 718 and 722 is performed, it should be recognized that in other examples, multiple iterations can be performed. In particular, any number of one or more additional predicted words can be determined until a phrase boundary is determined, or until a predetermined number of iterations is performed. Blocks 716-722 can be performed using a phrase expansion engine (e.g., phrase expansion engine 612).

Additionally, it should be recognized that in some examples, one or more additional expanded candidate phrases are determined from a complete expanded phrase that has an end corresponding to a phrase boundary. For example, one or more additional expanded candidate phrases are determined from fourth expanded candidate phrase 958. Specifically, one or more additional predicted words, such as “

(grammatical particle)” or “

(always happy)” are determined based on fourth expanded candidate phrase 958. The one or more additional predicted words are then appended to fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 to generate one or more additional phrases, such as “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything)

(the best)

” or “

(I)

(on behalf of)

(my family)

(wish)

(you)

(everything)

(the best)

(always happy).” If the ends of these additional phrases are determined (e.g., block 718) to each correspond to a phrase boundary, then these additional phrases can be stored as additional expanded candidate phrases of plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950 (e.g., block 720).

Further, it should be appreciated that determining every possible expanded candidate phrases at block 710 can be computationally intractable. Thus, in order to render process 700 more efficient and computationally practicable, block 710 is, in some examples, performed using a best-first search algorithm with a priority queue, which would prioritize the search for more promising hypotheses and enable the selective determination of expanded candidate phrases that have higher likelihood scores. In other examples, the search algorithm is extended with an A* search algorithm using a heuristic function. The heuristic function, for example, incorporates various information that enables the search to be performed more efficiently, such as information from the part-of-speech language model discussed above.

At block 724, a likelihood score is determined for each expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of candidate phrases. For example, with reference to FIG. 9C, a likelihood score is determined for each expanded candidate phrase of plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950. The likelihood score represents a likelihood of the respective expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases given the text of block 702. The likelihood score is, for example, determined using a statistical language model. In some examples, the likelihood score of an expanded candidate phrase is determined by combining the likelihood score of the respective set of one or more candidate phrases (determined block at block 706) and the likelihood score of the respective one or more predicted words (determined at block 712).

At block 726, the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are ranked based on the plurality of likelihood scores (e.g., determined at block 724) corresponding to the plurality of expanded candidate phrases. For example, the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are ranked according to the corresponding likelihood scores from the highest likelihood score to the lowest likelihood score. For instance, in the example of FIG. 9C, fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 has the highest likelihood score and thus in this example, it is the highest ranked expanded candidate phrase among plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950. Blocks 724-726 can be performed using a phrase expansion engine (e.g., phrase expansion engine 612).

In some examples, the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are ranked with at least one set of one or more candidate words from the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of block 704. For example, plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950 can be ranked with first set of one or more candidate words 806 and second set of one or more candidate words 804 based on the plurality of likelihood scores (e.g., determined at block 724) associated with plurality of expanded candidate phrases 950 and the likelihood scores (e.g., determined at block 706) associated with first set of one or more candidate words 806 and second set of one or more candidate words 804.

At block 728, one or more expanded candidate phrases of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are displayed (e.g., on touch screen 112) for user selection based on the ranking. For example, the M highest ranked expanded candidate phrases among the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are displayed on a user interface of the electronic device for user selection, where M is a predetermined integer greater than zero. For example, as shown in FIG. 10A, fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 is displayed in language input interface 1006 on electronic device 1000. In this example, only the highest ranked expanded candidate phrase is displayed in language input interface 1006. Fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 is displayed in language input interface 1006 automatically and without additional user input in response to receiving user input comprising Pinyin text 810.

At block 730, a user selection of an expanded candidate phrase of the one or more displayed expanded candidate phrases is received. For example, in FIG. 10A, a user input corresponding to a selection of fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 in language input interface 1006 is received. The user input is, for example, a touch input received at the touchscreen of electronic device 1000. In other examples, the user input corresponds to a text character input, such as a full stop or a space character entered via keyboard interface 1002. In these examples, the user input corresponds to an acceptance of fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 in language input interface 1006. In response to receiving the user selection of the expanded candidate phrase of the one or more displayed expanded candidate phrases, block 732 is performed.

At block 732, the selected expanded candidate phrase is displayed in a user interface displayed on the electronic device. For example, with reference to FIG. 10B, in response to receiving the user input corresponding to a selection of fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 in language input interface 1006, fourth expanded candidate phrase 958 is displayed in word processing user interface 1004.

In examples where the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are ranked (e.g., at block 726) with at least one set of one or more candidate words from the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of block 704, one or more sets of one or more candidate words of the at least one set of one or more candidate words ranked at block 726 can be displayed (e.g., block 728) for user selection with the one or more expanded candidate phrases of block 728. For example, first set of one or more candidate words 806 can be displayed at block 728 for user selection with fourth expanded candidate phrase 958. Additionally, in these examples, the user selection of block 730 can be a user selection of a set of one or more candidate words (e.g., first set of one or more candidate words 806) from the one or more displayed sets of one or more candidate words. In response to receiving the user selection, the selected set of one or more candidate words is displayed in the user interface (e.g., block 732).

Although process 700 is described above with reference to the examples of FIGS. 8, 9A-C, and 10A-B where the first symbolic system is Chinese Pinyin and the second symbolic system is Chinese characters, it should be recognized that process 700 is not limited to Chinese text input and can similarly be applied to other symbolic systems of other languages. For example, process 700 can be applied to Japanese text input where the first symbolic system is Japanese Kana or Japanese Romaji and the second symbolic system is a combination of Japanese Kana and Japanese Kanji. In another example, process 700 can be applied to Thai text input where the first symbolic system is the Roman or Latin alphabet and the second symbolic system is Thai script. One skilled in the art would recognize other suitable languages that process 700 can be apply to where a phonetic text representation of the language is received in a first symbolic system (e.g., Roman or Latin alphabet) and subsequently converted to a second symbolic system of the language (e.g., Korean, certain East Indian languages, Cyrillic, Greek, Russian, etc.).

In accordance with some embodiments, FIG. 11 shows an exemplary functional block diagram of an electronic device 1100 configured in accordance with the principles of the various described embodiments. In accordance with some embodiments, the functional blocks of electronic device 1100 are configured to perform the techniques described above. The functional blocks of the device 1100 are, optionally, implemented by hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to carry out the principles of the various described examples. It is understood by persons of skill in the art that the functional blocks described in FIG. 11 are, optionally, combined or separated into sub-blocks to implement the principles of the various described examples. Therefore, the description herein optionally supports any possible combination or separation or further definition of the functional blocks described herein.

As shown in FIG. 11, an electronic device 1100 includes a display unit 1102 configured to display a graphic user interface, optionally, a touch-sensitive surface unit 1104 configured to receive contacts, an input unit 1106 configured to receive user input (e.g., text input), and a processing unit 1106 coupled to the display unit 1102, the input unit 1106, and, optionally, the touch-sensitive surface unit 1104. In some embodiments, the processing unit 1108 includes a receiving unit 1110, a determining unit 1112, a ranking unit 1114, and a display enabling unit 1116.

In accordance with some embodiments, processing unit 1108 is configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit 1110 and via touch-sensitive surface unit 1104 or input unit 1106) a user input (user input of block 702) comprising text of a first symbolic system. The text represents a phonetic pronunciation of at least part of a word of a language. Processing unit 1108 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1112), based on the text, a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words (e.g., plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of block 704) of a second symbolic system of the language. Each candidate word in each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words corresponds to at least a portion of the text. Processing unit 1108 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1112), based on at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, a plurality of expanded candidate phrases (e.g., plurality of expanded candidate phrases of block 710). Each expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and one or more predicted words based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words. Processing unit 1108 is further configured to rank (e.g., with ranking unit 1114) the plurality of expanded candidate phrases based on a plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of expanded candidate phrases (e.g., block 726). Processing unit 1108 is further configured to display (e.g., with display enabling unit 1116 and on display unit 1102), based on the ranking, one or more expanded candidate phrases of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases for user selection (e.g., block 728).

In some examples, processing unit 1108 is further configured to receive (e.g., with receiving unit and via touch-sensitive surface unit 1104 or input unit 1106) a user selection (e.g., user selection of block 730) of an expanded candidate phrase of the one or more displayed expanded candidate phrases. Processing unit 1108 is further configured to display (e.g., with display enabling unit 1116 and on display unit 1102) the selected expanded candidate phrase in a user interface displayed on the electronic device (e.g., block 732).

In some examples, processing unit 1108 is further configured to determine (e.g., with determining unit 1112), using a language model, a second plurality of likelihood scores (e.g., plurality of likelihood scores of block 706) corresponding to the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words. Processing unit 1108 is further configured to rank (e.g., with ranking unit 1114) the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words based on the second plurality of likelihood scores (e.g., block 708).

In some examples, the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are determined based on N highest ranked sets of one or more candidate words among the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, and wherein N is an integer greater than zero.

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more first predicted words (e.g., one or more predicted words of block 712) given at least one word of a first set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, where a first phrase comprises the at least one word of the first set of one or more candidate words and the one or more first predicted words.

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary (e.g., block 718), and in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary, storing the first phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases (e.g., block 720).

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase does not correspond to a phrase boundary, determining one or more second predicted words (e.g., one or more additional predicted words of block 722) given the at least one word of the first set of one or more candidate words and the one or more first predicted words, where a second phrase comprises the first phrase and the one or more second predicted words.

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end of the second phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary (e.g., block 718), and in accordance with a determination that the end of the second phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary, storing the second phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases (e.g., block 720).

In some examples, the one or more first predicted words are determined using a language model.

In some examples, a number of words in the one or more first predicted words is less than an order of the language model. In some examples, the language model is an N-gram language model. In some examples, the language model is neural network based language model.

In some examples, the one or more first predicted words comprise one or more words of the second symbolic system of the language.

In some examples, determining the one or more first predicted words comprises selecting the one or more first predicted words from a plurality of predetermined sets of one or more words (e.g., blocks 710 and/or 712).

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more third predicted words (e.g., one or more predicted words of block 712) given a third set of one or more candidate words (e.g., first set 806 of one or more candidate words of block 712) of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words. A third expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises the third set of one or more candidate words and the one or more third predicted words.

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more fourth predicted words (e.g., one or more predicted words of block 712) given a subset (e.g., subset 910 of block 712) of a fourth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, where a fourth phrase comprises the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words and the one or more fourth predicted words.

In some examples, a number of words in the one or more fourth predicted words is equal to or greater than a difference between a number of words in the fourth set of one or more candidate words and a number of words in the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words.

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system (e.g., block 716), and in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, storing the fourth phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases (e.g., block 720).

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words does not correspond to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, forgo storing the fourth phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases (e.g., block 716).

In some examples, determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end word of a fifth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word (e.g., block 714), and in accordance with a determination that an end word of a fifth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word, determining one or more fifth predicted words (e.g., one or more predicted words of block 712) given a subset (e.g., subset 910) of the fifth set of one or more candidate words. The subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words does not include the end word of the fifth set of one or more candidate words. A fifth expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises the subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words and the one or more fifth predicted words.

In some examples, each likelihood score of the plurality of likelihood scores represents a likelihood of a respective expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases given the text.

In some examples, the user input does not indicate an acceptance of any set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words.

In some examples, the first symbolic system comprises Chinese Pinyin or Chinese Zhuyin and the second symbolic system comprises Chinese characters.

In some examples, the first symbolic system comprises Japanese Kana or Japanese Romaji and the second symbolic system comprises a combination of Japanese Kana and Kanji.

In accordance with some implementations, a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium) is provided, the computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs for execution by one or more processors of an electronic device, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a multifunctional device) is provided that comprises means for performing any of the methods described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a multifunctional device) is provided that comprises a processing unit configured to perform any of the methods described herein.

In accordance with some implementations, an electronic device (e.g., a multifunctional device) is provided that comprises one or more processors and memory storing one or more programs for execution by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for performing any of the methods described herein.

The operations described above with reference to FIGS. 7A-C are, optionally, implemented by components depicted in FIGS. 1A-1B, 3, 6 or FIG. 11. For example, the operations of process 700 may be implemented by one or more of operating system 126, applications module 136, language input module 600, or processor(s) 120, 310, 704. Similarly, it would be clear to a person having ordinary skill in the art how other processes can be implemented based on the components depicted in FIG. 1A-1B, 3, or 6.

In the present disclosure, words (e.g., candidate words, predicted words, or end words) refer to, for example, monosyllabic words of the second symbolic system where each word refers to a monosyllabic word (e.g., a Chinese character) of the second symbolic system. In other examples, words (e.g., candidate words, predicted words, or end words) refer to semantic words where each word refers to a semantic word comprising one or more monosyllabic characters (e.g., one or more Chinese characters) of the second symbolic system.

The foregoing description, for purpose of explanation, has been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, the illustrative discussions above are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the techniques and their practical applications. Others skilled in the art are thereby enabled to best utilize the techniques and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.

Although the disclosure and examples have been fully described with reference to the accompanying drawings, it is to be noted that various changes and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications are to be understood as being included within the scope of the disclosure and examples as defined by the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic device for dynamic phrase expansion of language input, comprising: one or more processors; and memory storing one or more programs, the one or more programs including instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to: receive a user input comprising text of a first symbolic system, the text representing a phonetic pronunciation of at least part of a word of a language; determine, based on the text; a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of a second symbolic system of the language, wherein each candidate word in each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words corresponds to at least a portion of the text; determine, based on at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, a plurality of expanded candidate phrases, each expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprising at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and one or more predicted words based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words, wherein the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are of the second symbolic system of the language, and wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more first predicted words given at least one word of a first set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein a first phrase comprises the at least one word of the first set of one or more candidate words and the one or more first predicted words; determining whether an end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary; and in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary, storing the first phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases; rank the plurality of expanded candidate phrases based on a plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of expanded candidate phrases; and display, based on the ranking, one or more expanded candidate phrases of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases for user selection.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: receive a user selection of an expanded candidate phrase of the one or more displayed expanded candidate phrases; and display the selected expanded candidate phrase in a user interface displayed on the electronic device.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: determine, using a language model, a second plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words; and rank the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words based on the second plurality of likelihood scores.
 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are determined based on N highest ranked sets of one or more candidate words among the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, and wherein N is an integer greater than zero.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase does not correspond to a phrase boundary: determining one or more second predicted words given the at least one word of the first set of one or more candidate words and the one or more first predicted words, wherein a second phrase comprises the first phrase and the one or more second predicted words.
 6. The device of claim 5, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end of the second phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary; and in accordance with a determination that the end of the second phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary, storing the second phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 7. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more first predicted words are determined using a language model.
 8. The device of claim 7, wherein a number of words in the one or more first predicted words is less than an order of the language model.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein the one or more first predicted words comprise one or more words of the second symbolic system of the language.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein determining the one or more first predicted words comprises selecting the one or more first predicted words from a plurality of predetermined sets of one or more words.
 11. The device of claim 1, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more third predicted words given a third set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein a third expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises the third set of one or more candidate words and the one or more third predicted words.
 12. The device of claim 1, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more fourth predicted words given a subset of a fourth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words is determined by omitting a portion of the fourth set of one or more candidate words, wherein a fourth phrase comprises the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words and the one or more fourth predicted words, and wherein the fourth phrase does not include the omitted portion.
 13. The device of claim 12, wherein a number of words in the one or more fourth predicted words is equal to or greater than a difference between a number of words in the fourth set of one or more candidate words and a number of words in the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words.
 14. The device of claim 12, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system; and in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, storing the fourth phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 15. The device of claim 14, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words does not correspond to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, forgoing storing the fourth phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 16. The device of claim 1, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end word of a fifth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word; and in accordance with a determination that an end word of a fifth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word: determining one or more fifth predicted words given a subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words, wherein the subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words does not include the end word of the fifth set of one or more candidate words, and wherein a fifth expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises the subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words and the one or more fifth predicted words.
 17. The device of claim 1, wherein each likelihood score of the plurality of likelihood scores represents a likelihood of a respective expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases given the text.
 18. The device of claim 1, wherein the first symbolic system comprises Chinese Pinyin or Chinese Zhuyin and the second symbolic system comprises Chinese characters.
 19. The device of claim 1, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase does not correspond to a phrase boundary, forgo storing the first phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 20. The device of claim 1, wherein determining whether the end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary comprises performing part-of-speech analysis on the first phrase using a part-of-speech based language model.
 21. The device of claim 16, wherein the fifth expanded candidate phrase does not include the end word of the fifth set of one or more candidate words.
 22. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein a first expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises: at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and a predicted word based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words, wherein the predicted word does not correspond to a portion of the text.
 23. A method for dynamic phrase expansion of language input, the method comprising: at an electronic device having one or more processors and memory: receiving a user input comprising text of a first symbolic system, the text representing a phonetic pronunciation of at least part of a word of a language; determining, based on the text, a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of a second symbolic system of the language, wherein each candidate word in each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words corresponds to at least a portion of the text; determining, based on at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, a plurality of expanded candidate phrases, each expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprising at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and one or more predicted words based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words, wherein the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are of the second symbolic system of the language, and wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more first predicted words given at least one word of a first set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein a first phrase comprises the at least one word of the first set of one or more candidate words and the one or more first predicted words; determining whether an end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary; and in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary, storing the first phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases; ranking the plurality of expanded candidate phrases based on a plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of expanded candidate phrases; and displaying, based on the ranking, one or more expanded candidate phrases of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases for user selection.
 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising: receiving a user selection of an expanded candidate phrase of the one or more displayed expanded candidate phrases; and displaying the selected expanded candidate phrase in a user interface displayed on the electronic device.
 25. The method of claim 23, further comprising: determining, using a language model, a second plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words; and ranking the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words based on the second plurality of likelihood scores.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are determined based on N highest ranked sets of one or more candidate words among the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, and wherein N is an integer greater than zero.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase does not correspond to a phrase boundary: determining one or more second predicted words given the at least one word of the first set of one or more candidate words and the one or more first predicted words, wherein a second phrase comprises the first phrase and the one or more second predicted words.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end of the second phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary; and in accordance with a determination that the end of the second phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary, storing the second phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 29. The method of claim 23, wherein the one or more first predicted words are determined using a language model, and wherein a number of words in the one or more first predicted words is less than an order of the language model.
 30. The method of claim 23, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more third predicted words given a third set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein a third expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises the third set of one or more candidate words and the one or more third predicted words.
 31. The method of claim 23, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more fourth predicted words given a subset of a fourth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words is determined by omitting a portion of the fourth set of one or more candidate words, wherein a fourth phrase comprises the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words and the one or more fourth predicted words; and wherein the fourth phrase does not include the omitted portion.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein a number of words in the one or more fourth predicted words is equal to or greater than a difference between a number of words in the fourth set of one or more candidate words and a number of words in the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words.
 33. The method of claim 31, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system; and in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system; storing the fourth phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 34. The method of claim 33, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words does not correspond to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, forgoing storing the fourth phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 35. The method of claim 23, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end word of a fifth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word; and in accordance with a determination that an end word of a fifth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word: determining one or more fifth predicted words given a subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words, wherein the subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words does not include the end word of the fifth set of one or more candidate words, and wherein a fifth expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises the subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words and the one or more fifth predicted words.
 36. The method of claim 23, wherein each likelihood score of the plurality, of likelihood scores represents a likelihood of a respective expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases given the text.
 37. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing one or more programs, the one or more programs comprising instructions which, when executed by one or more processors of an electronic device, cause the electronic device to: receive a user input comprising text of a first symbolic system, the text representing a phonetic pronunciation of at least part of a word of a language; determine, based on the text, a plurality of sets of one or more candidate words of a second symbolic system of the language, wherein each candidate word in each set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words corresponds to at least a portion of the text; determine, based on at least a portion of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, a plurality of expanded candidate phrases, each expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprising at least one word of a respective set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words and one or more predicted words based on the at least one word of the respective set of one or more candidate words, wherein the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are of the second symbolic system of the language, and wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more first predicted words given at least one word of a first set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein a first phrase comprises the at least one word of the first set of one or more candidate words and the one or more first predicted words; determining whether an end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary; and in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary, storing the first phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases; rank the plurality of expanded candidate phrases based on a plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of expanded candidate phrases; and display, based on the ranking, one or more expanded candidate phrases of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases for user selection.
 38. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, wherein the instructions further cause the one or more processors to: receive a user selection of an expanded candidate phrase of the one or more displayed expanded candidate phrases; and display the selected expanded candidate phrase in a user interface displayed on the electronic device.
 39. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, instructions further cause the one or more processors to: determine, using a language model, a second plurality of likelihood scores corresponding to the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words; and rank the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words based on the second plurality of likelihood scores.
 40. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 39, wherein the plurality of expanded candidate phrases are determined based on N highest ranked sets of one or more candidate words among the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, and wherein N is an integer greater than zero.
 41. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that the end of the first phrase does not correspond to a phrase boundary: determining one or more second predicted words given the at least one word of the first set of one or more candidate words and the one or more first predicted words, wherein a second phrase comprises the first phrase and the one or more second predicted words.
 42. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 41, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end of the second phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary; and in accordance with a determination that the end of the second phrase corresponds to a phrase boundary, storing the second phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 43. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, wherein the one or more first predicted words are determined using a language model, and wherein a number of words in the one or more first predicted words is less than an order of the language model.
 44. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, wherein determining the one or more first predicted words comprises selecting the one or more first predicted words from a plurality of predetermined sets of one or more words.
 45. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more third predicted words given a third set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein a third expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises the third set of one or more candidate words and the one or more third predicted words.
 46. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining one or more fourth predicted words given a subset of a fourth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words, wherein the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words is determined by omitting a portion of the fourth set of one or more candidate words, wherein a fourth phrase comprises the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words and the one or more fourth predicted words, and wherein the fourth phrase does not include the omitted portion.
 47. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 46, wherein a number of words in the one or more fourth predicted words is equal to or greater than a difference between a number of words in the fourth set of one or more candidate words and a number of words in the subset of the fourth set of one or more candidate words.
 48. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 46, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system; and in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words corresponds to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, storing the fourth phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 49. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 46, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: in accordance with a determination that at least one word of the one or more fourth predicted words does not correspond to a portion of the text of the first symbolic system, forgoing storing the fourth phrase as one of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases.
 50. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, wherein determining the plurality of expanded candidate phrases further comprises: determining whether an end word of a fifth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word; and in accordance with a determination that an end word of a fifth set of one or more candidate words of the plurality of sets of one or more candidate words is a prefix of another word: determining one or more fifth predicted words given a subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words, wherein the subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words does not include the end word of the fifth set of one or more candidate words, and wherein a fifth expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases comprises the subset of the fifth set of one or more candidate words and the one or more fifth predicted words.
 51. The computer-readable storage medium of claim 37, wherein each likelihood score of the plurality of likelihood scores represents a likelihood of a respective expanded candidate phrase of the plurality of expanded candidate phrases given the text. 